Home | Literary Movements  | Timeline  |  American Authors | American Literature Sites

 

Herman Melville's Billy Budd: Selected Secondary Bibliography

Adamson, Joseph. Melville, Shame, and the Evil Eye: A Psychoanalytic Reading. Suny Series in Psychoanalysis and Culture. Albany, NY: State U of New York P, 1997.

Adler, Joyce Sparer. "Billy Budd and Melville's Philosophy of War." PMLA 91 (1976): 266-78.

Baris, Sharon. "Melville's Dansker: The Absent Daniel in Billy Budd." The Uses of Adversity: Failure and Accommodation in Reader Response. Ed. Ellen Spolsky. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell UP, 1990. 153-73.

Bartley, William. "'Measured Forms' and Orphic Eloquence: The Style of Herman Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor." University of Toronto Quarterly: A Canadian Journal of the Humanities 59.4 (1990): 516-34.

Beauchamp, Gorman. "The Scorpion's Suicide: Claggart's Death in Billy Budd." Melville Society Extracts 129 (2005): 7-10.

Beidler, Philip D. "Billy Budd: Melville's Valedictory to Emerson." ESQ 24 (1978): 215-28.

Benesch, Klaus. "Melville's Black Jack: Billy Budd and the Politics of Race in 19th-Century Maritime Life." Monuments of the Black Atlantic: Slavery and Memory. Eds. Joanne M. Braxton and Maria I. Diedrich. Forecaast: Forum for European Contributions to African American Studies Number: 13: LIT, Münster, Germany Pagination: 67-75, 2004. 154.

Bercovitch, Sacvan. "Melville's Search for National Identity: Son and Father in Redburn, Pierre, and Billy Budd." College Language Association Journal 10 (1967): 217-28.

Berthold, Dennis. "Melville, Garibaldi, and the Medusa of Revolution." American Literary History 9.3 (1997): 425-59. Also in "Melville, Garibaldi, and the Medusa of Revolution." National Imaginaries, American Identities: The Cultural Work of American Iconography. Ed. Larry --Hutner Reynolds, Gordon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2000. 104-37.

Berthold, Michael C. "'Billy in the Darbies,' 'Lycidas,' and Melville's Figures of Captivity." American Transcendental Quarterly 6.2 (1992): 109-19.

Birk, John F. "'Fated Boy': Karpman's Drama Triangle and Melville's Billy Budd." Literature and Medicine 13.2 (1994): 274-83.

Boone, Joseph. "Male Independence and the American Quest Genre: Hidden Sexual Politics in the All-Male Worlds of Melville, Twain, and London." Gender Studies: New Directions in Feminist Criticism. Ed. Judith Spector. Bowling Green, OH: Popular, 1986. 187-217.

Boudreau, Gordon V. "Herman Melville, Immortality, St. Paul, and Resurrection: From Rose-Bud to Billy Budd." Christianity and Literature 52.3 (2003): 343-.

Branch, Watson. "Melville's 'Incompetent' World in Billy Budd, Sailor." Melville Society Extracts 34 (1978): 1-2.

Braswell, William, "Melville's Billy Budd as 'An Inside Narrative'." American Literature 29 (1957): 133-146.

Brodtkorb, Paul, Jr. "The Definitive Billy Budd: 'but Aren't It All Sham?'" PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 82 (1967): 602-12.

Browne, Ray B. "Billy Budd: Gospel of Democracy." Nineteenth-Century Literature 17 (1963): 321-37.

Bryant, John. "Melville and Charles F. Briggs: Working a Passage to Billy Budd." English Language Notes 22.4 (1985): 48-54.

Canaday, Nicholas. "Distortion by History and Legend: The Pessimistic Ending of Billy Budd." South Carolina Review 13.2 (1981): 98-103.

Casarino, Cesare. "Gomorrahs of the Deep: Or, Melville, Foucault, and the Question of Heterotopia." Arizona Quarterly 51.4 (1995): 1-25.

Cifelli, Edward M. "Billy Budd: Boggy Ground to Build On." Studies in Short Fiction 13 (1976): 463-69.

Coffler, Gail. "Classical Iconography in the Aesthetics of Billy Budd, Sailor." Savage Eye: Melville and the Visual Arts. Ed. Christopher Sten. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 1991. 257-76.

Cowan, S. A. "The Naming of Captain Vere in Melville's Billy Budd." Studies in Short Fiction 21.1 (1984): 41-46.

Davis, R. Evan. "An Allegory of America in Melville's Billy Budd." Journal of Narrative Technique 14.3 (1984): 172-81.

Desai, R. W. "Truth's 'Ragged Edges': A Phenomenological Inquiry into the Captain Vere-Billy Relationship in Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor." Studies in the Humanities 19.1 (1992): 11-26.

Douglas, Lawrence. "Discursive Limits: Narrative and Judgment in Billy Budd." Mosaic 27.4 (1994): 141-60.

Duerksen, Roland A. "Caleb Williams, Political Justice, and Billy Budd." American Literature 38 (1966): 372-76.

---. "The Deep Quandary in Billy Budd." The New England Quarterly 41 (1968): 51-66.

Durer, Christopher S. "Captain Vere and Upper-Class Mores in Billy Budd." Studies in Short Fiction 19.1 (1982): 9-18.

Eberwein, Robert T. "The Impure Fiction of Billy Budd." Studies in the Novel 6 (1974): 318-26.

Eckardt, Sister Mary Ellen. and Harold Bloom, eds. Herman Melville's Billy Budd, "Benito Cereno," "Bartleby the Scrivener," and Other Tales. New York: Chelsea, 1987.

Eckardt, Sister Mary Ellen.and Robert Milder, eds. Critical Essays on Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor. Critical Essays on American Literature. Boston: Hall, 1989.

Evans, Lyon, Jr. "'Too Good to Be True': Subverting Christian Hope in Billy Budd." The New England Quarterly 55.3 (1982): 323-53.

Farnham, James F. "Captain Vere's Existential Failure." Arizona Quarterly 37.4 (1981): 362-70.

Fite, Olive L. "Billy Budd, Claggart, and Schopenhauer." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 23 (1968): 336-43.

Floyd, Nathaniel M. "Billy Budd: A Psychological Autopsy." American Imago 34 (1977): 28-49.

Fogle, Richard Harter, "Billy Budd: The Order of the Fall." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 15 (December 1960):189-205.

Foley, Mary. "The Digressions in Billy Budd." Melville's Billy Budd and the Critics. Ed. William T. Stafford. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1968. 220-23.

Frank, Stuart M. "'the Somers': A Newly-Discovered Ballad Text of 1842 from a Contemporaneous Whaleman's Journal." Melville Society Extracts 115 (1998): 1-7.

Franklin, H. Bruce. "From Empire to Empire: Billy Budd, Sailor." Herman Melville: Reassessments. Ed. A. Robert Lee. Crit. Studies Ser. London; Totowa, NJ: Vision; Barnes & Noble, 1984. 199-216.

---. "Billy Budd and Capital Punishment: A Tale of Three Centuries." American Literature 69.2 (1997): 337-59.

Friederich, Reinhard H. "Comet, Stars, and Cynosure: Billy Budd in a Symbolist Context." Essays in Literature 9.2 (1982): 261-68.

Friedman, Irene. "Melville's Billy Budd: 'a Sort of Upright Barbarian'." Canadian Review of American Studies 4 (1973): 87-95.

Friel, Joseph C. "Ustinov's Film Billy Budd, a Study in the Process of Adaption: Novel, to Play, to Film." Literature/Film Quarterly 4 (1976): 271-84.

Fulwiler, Toby. "The Death of the Handsome Sailor: A Study of Billy Budd and the Red Badge of Courage." Arizona Quarterly 26 (1970): 101-12.

Fussell, Mary Everett Burton. "Billy Budd: Melville's Happy Ending." Studies in Romanticism 15 (1976): 43-57.

Garner, Stanton. "Melville and Thomas Campbell: The 'Deadly Space between'." English Language Notes 14 (1977): 289-90.

---. "Fraud as Fact in Herman Melville's Billy Budd." San Jose Studies 4.2 (1978): 82-105.

Garrison, Joseph M., Jr. "Billy Budd: A Reconsideration." Ball State University Forum 27.1 (1986): 30-41.

Glick, William, "Expediency and Absolute Morality in Billy Budd." PMLA 68 (1953): 103-110.

Goddard, Kevin. "Hanging Utopia: Billy Budd and the Death of Sacred History." Arizona Quarterly 61.4 (2005): 101-26.

Goldman, Eric. "Bringing out the Beast in Melville's Billy Budd-: The Dialogue of Darwinian and 'Holy' Lexicons on Board the Bellipotent." Studies in the Novel 37.4 (2005): 430-42.

Greenberg, Martin. "The Difficult Justice of Melville & Kleist." New Criterion 23.7 (2005): 24-32.

Greven, David. "Flesh in the Word: Billy Budd, Sailor, Compulsory Homosociality, and the Uses of Queer Desire." Genders 37 (2003): 57.

Hall, Sallie J. "'Full Fathom Five': A Study of the Interpolated Poem in Melville's Billy Budd." South Atlantic Bulletin 42.4 (1977): 139-43.

Hancher, Michael. "Billy Budd: Famous Last Words." Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature 1.1 (1989): 109-21.

Harris, W. C. E Pluribus Unum: Nineteenth-Century American Literature and the Constitutional Paradox. Iowa City, IA : U of Iowa P, 2005.

Harrison, Keith. "Lowry's Allusions to Melville in 'Lunar Caustic'." Canadian Literature 94 (1982): 180-84.

Haydock, John S. "Melville's Seraphita: Billy Budd, Sailor." Melville Society Extracts 104 (1996): 2-13.

Hays, Peter L., and Richard D. Rust. "'Something Healing': Fathers and Sons in Billy Budd." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 34 (1979): 326-36.

Hendershot, Cyndy. "Revolution, Femininity, and Sentimentality in Billy Budd, Sailor." North Dakota Quarterly 63.1 (1996): 99-113.

Henderson, Eric. "Vices of the Intellect in Billy Budd." English Studies in Canada 11.1 (1985): 40-52.

Hendrickson, John. "Billy Budd: Affirmation of Absurdity." RE: Artes Liberales 3.1 (1969): 30-37.

Hennedy, John F. "Federations in the Fancy: Traces of Measure for Measure in Billy Budd." Melville Society Extracts 77 (1989): 1, 7-13.

Hocks, Richard A. "Melville and 'the Rise of Realism': The Dilemma of History in Billy Budd." American Literary Realism 26.2 (1994): 60-81.

Holstein, Jay A. "The 'inside' Role of Biblical Allusions in Melville's Billy Budd (an inside Narrative)." Rendezvous: Journal of Arts and Letters 15.2 (1980): 35-46.

Hove, Thomas. "Naturalist Psychology in Billy Budd." Leviathan: A Journal of Melville Studies 5.2 (2003): 51-65.

Howell, Thomas J. "Early and Late Deconstructions: Nietzsche's Surviving Role in the Philosophy of Literature and Psychology." Literature and Psychology 37.3 (1991): 45-58.

Hudson, H. E., IV. "Billy Budd: Adam or Christ?" The Crane Review 7 (1965): 62-67.

Hutchinson, George B. "The Conflict of Patriarchy and Balanced Sexual Principles in Billy Budd." Studies in the Novel 13.4 (1981): 388-97.

---.introd., and John Bryant. "Melville's Hand: Studies in Manuscript and Interpretation." Leviathan: A Journal of Melville Studies 1.1 (1999): 72-88.

---. introd., tr. &, et al. Herman Melville: Gente Di Mare: Benito Cereno, Billy Budd, Daniel Orme. Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori, 1988.

Ives, C. B., "Billy Budd and the Articles of War." American Literature 34 (March 1962).

Johnson, Barbara. "Melville's Fist: The Execution of Billy Budd." Herman Melville: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Myra Jehlen. New Century Views. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994. 235-48.

Ketterer, David. "Some Co-Ordinates in Billy Budd." Journal of American Studies 3 (1969): 221-37.

Kinnamon, Jon M. "Billy Budd: Political Philosophies in a Sea of Thought." Arizona Quarterly 26 (1970): 164-72.

Koffler, Judith Schenck, reply, and Robin West. "The Feminine Presence in Billy Budd." Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature 1.1 (1989): 1-20.

LaRue, L. H. "Paradox and Interpretation." Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature 1.1 (1989): 97-108.

Law, Joe K. "'We Have Ventured to Tidy up Vere': The Adapters' Dialogue in Billy Budd." Twentieth Century Literature: A Scholarly and Critical Journal 31.2-3 (1985): 297-314.

Lawry, Robert P. "Justice in Billy Budd." Law and Literature Perspectives. Ed. Bruce L. --Kevelson Rockwood, Roberta. Critic of Institutions. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. 169-91.

Lemon, Lee T. "Billy Budd: The Plot against the Story." Studies in Short Fiction 2 (1964): 32-43.

Loges, Max L. "Melville's Billy Budd." Explicator 55.3 (1997): 137-38.

Lupack, Alan C. "The Merlin Allusions in Billy Budd." Studies in Short Fiction 19.3 (1982): 277-78.

Mailloux, Steven. "Judging the Judge: Billy Budd and 'Proof to All Sophistries'." Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature 1.1 (1989): 83-88.

Mandell, Marvin. "Martyrs or Murderers? A Defense of Innocence." Midwest Quarterly: A Journal of Contemporary Thought 18 (1977): 131-43.

Manlove, C. N. "An Organic Hesitancy: Theme and Style in Billy Budd." New Perspectives on Melville. Ed. Faith Pullin. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1978. 275-300.

Markels, Julian. "The Liberal Bombast of Billy Budd." Essays in Arts and Sciences 15 (1986): 43-58.

Marks, William S., III. "Melville, Opium, and Billy Budd." Studies in American Fiction 6 (1978): 33-45.

Marshall, Margaret Wiley. "A Footnote to Billy Budd." Extracts: An Occasional Newsletter 30 (1977): 1-3.

---. "Arichandra and Billy Budd." Melville Society Extracts 40 (1979): 7-10.

Martin, Robert K. "Saving Captain Vere: Billy Budd from Melville's Novella to Britten's Opera." Studies in Short Fiction 23.1 (1986): 49-56.

Mary Ellen, Sister. "Parallels in Contrast: A Study of Melville's Imagery in Moby Dick and Billy Budd." Studies in Short Fiction 2 (1965): 284-90.

McCarthy, Paul. "Character and Structure in 'Billy Budd'." Discourse 9 (1966): 201-17.

McElroy, John Harmon. "The Uncompromising Truth of Billy Budd: Its Miraculous Climax." Christianity and Literature 38.3 (1989): 47-62.

McIntosh, James. "Billy Budd, Sailor: Melville's Last Romance." Critical Essays on Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor. Ed. Robert Milder. Critical Essays on American Literature. Boston: Hall, 1989. 223-37.

McKinnon, William. "'the Last Detail'; or, Billy Budd Updated." Melville Society Extracts 71 (1987): 6-7.

McWilliams, John P., Jr. "Innocent Criminal or Criminal Innocence: The Trial in American Fiction." Law and American Literature: A Collection of Essays. Ed. Carl S.--McWilliams

Smith, John P., Jr.--Bloomfield, Maxwell. Borzoi Books in Law & Amer. Soc. New York: Knopf, 1983. 45-124.

Merrill, Robert. "The Narrative Voice in Billy Budd." Modern Language Quarterly 34 (1973): 283-91.

Michael, Colette. "Billy Budd: An Allegory on the Rights of Man." Allegory Old and New in Literature, the Fine Arts, Music and Theatre and Its Continuity in Culture. Ed. Marlies --Tymieniecka Kronegger, Anna-Teresa (ed. & pref.). Analecta Husserliana. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. under Auspices of World Inst. for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning, 1994. 251-58.

Milder, Robert. "Melville's Late Poetry and Billy Budd: From Nostalgia to Transcendence." Philological Quarterly 66.4 (1987): 493-507.

Millgate, Michael. "Melville and Marvell: A Note on Billy Budd." English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature 49 (1968): 47-50.

Mizruchi, Susan. "Cataloging the Creatures of the Deep: 'Billy Budd, Sailor' and the Rise of Sociology." Boundary 2: An International Journal of Literature and Culture 17.1 (1990): 272-304.

Kilbourne, W. G., Jr., "Montaigne and Captain Vere." American Literature 33 (January 1962): 514-517.

Monteiro, George. "The Doubloon: Trilling's Melville Problem." Canadian Review of American Studies/Revue Canadienne d'Etudes Americaines 17.1 (1986): 27-34.

Murphy, Geraldine. "The Politics of Reading Billy Budd." American Literary History 1.2 (1989): 361-82.

Neff, D. S. "'a Spiritual Sphere Wholly Obscure': 'Lunacy,' the Orlando Furioso, and 'the Incident at the Mess' in Billy Budd." ANQ 16.1 (2003): 28-33.

Obuchowski, Peter A. "Billy Budd and the Failure of Art." Studies in Short Fiction 15 (1978): 445-52.
Ortego, Philip D. "The Existential Roots of Billy Budd." Connecticut Review 4.1 (1970): 80-87.

Parker, Hershel. "Billy Budd, Foretopman and the Dynamics of Canonization." College Literature 17.1 (1990): 21-32.

Parker, Hershel. "From the Plot of Billy Budd and the Politics of Interpreting It." Melville's Short Novels: Authoritative Texts, Contexts, Criticism. Ed. Dan McCall: Norton, New York, NY Pagination: 341-42, 2002. ix, 408.

Parker, Hershel, and Henry Binder. "Exigencies of Composition and Publication: Billy Budd, Sailor and Pudd'nhead Wilson." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 33 (1978): 131-43.

Perry, Robert L. "Billy Budd: Melville's Paradise Lost." Midwest Quarterly: A Journal of Contemporary Thought 10 (1969): 173-85.

Phillips, Kathy J. "Billy Budd as Anti-Homophobic Text." College English 56.8 (1994): 896-910.

Posner, Richard A. "Comment on Richard Weisberg's Interpretation of Billy Budd." Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature 1.1 (1989): 71-81.

Quirk, Tom. "The Judge Dragged to the Bar: Melville, Shaw, and the Webster Murder Trial." Melville Society Extracts 84 (1991): 1-8.

Radloff, Bernhard. "The Truth of Indirection and the Possibility of the Holy in Billy Budd." Religion and Literature 20.3 (1988): 49-70.

Rathbun, John W. "Billy Budd and the Limits of Perception." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 20 (1965): 19-34.

Redfern, W. D. "Between the Lines of Billy Budd." Journal of American Studies 17.3 (1983): 357-65.

Reich, Charles A. "The Tragedy of Justice in Billy Budd." The Yale Review 56 (1967): 368-89. Also in Twentieth Century Interpretations of "Billy Budd", ed. Howard P. Vincent.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971.

Reynolds, Larry J. "Billy Budd and American Labor Unrest: The Case for Striking Back." New Essays on Billy Budd. Ed. Donald Yannella. American Novel (Amnov): Cambridge UP, Cambridge, England Pagination: 21-48, 2002. xiii, 151.

Rogers, Robert. "The 'Ineludible Gripe' of Billy Budd." Literature and Psychology 14 (1964): 9-22.

Rosenberry, Edward H. "The Problem of Billy Budd." PMLA 80 (1965): 489-98.

Rosenthal, Bernard, and Reid, B. L."Old Melville's Fable." Massachusetts Review 9 (Summer 1968): 529-546.

Roth, Marty. "The Disruption of Forms in Billy Budd." Boundary 215.1-2 (1986): 107-22.

Rubin, Larry. "Billy Budd: What Goes on Behind Closed Doors?" American Imago 37 (1980): 65-67.

Ruttenberg, Nancy. "Melville's Handsome Sailor: The Anxiety of Innocence." American Literature 66.1 (1994): 83-103.

Schiffman, Joseph, "Melville's Final Stage, Irony: A Re-examination of Billy Budd Criticism." American Literature 22 (1950): 128-136.

Scorza, Thomas J. "An inside Narrative." Melville's Short Novels: Authoritative Texts, Contexts, Criticism. Ed. Dan McCall: Norton, New York, NY Pagination: 371-74, 2002. ix, 408.

Sealts, Merton M., Jr. Innocence and Infamy: Resources for Discussing Herman Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor. (Madison): Wisconsin Humanities Committee, 1983.

---. "Innocence and Infamy: Billy Budd, Sailor." A Companion to Melville Studies. Ed. John Bryant. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1986. 407-30.

Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. "Billy Budd: After the Homosexual." Herman Melville: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Myra Jehlen. New Century Views. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994. 217-34.

Sherwood, John C. "Vere as Collingwood: A Key to Billy Budd." American Literature 35 (1964): 476-84.

Shulman, Robert. "Montaigne and the Techniques and Tragedy of Melville's Billy Budd." Comparative Literature 16 (1964): 322-30.

---. "Melville's 'Timoleon': From Plutarch to the Early Stages of Billy Budd." Comparative Literature 19 (1967): 351-61.

Smock, Ann. "Tongue-Tied: Blanchot, Melville, Des Forets." Mln 114.5 (1999): 1037-61.

Springer, Haskell. Studies in Billy Budd. Merrill Studies. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1970.

Stafford, William T., ed., ed. Melville's Billy Budd and the Critics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1968.

Stafford, William T. "An Annotated Checklist of Studies of Billy Budd." Melville's Billy Budd and the Critics. Ed. William T. Stafford. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1968. 263-72.

Steinmann, Theo. "The Perverted Pattern of Billy Budd in the Nigger of the 'Narcissus'." English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature 55 (1974): 239-46.

Sten, Christopher W. "Vere's Use of the 'Forms': Means and Ends in Billy Budd." American Literature 47 (1975): 37-51. Also in On Melville: The Best From American Literature. Ed. Louis J. Budd and Edwin Cady. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1988. 188-202.

Stitt, Peter A. "Herman Melville's Billy Budd: Sympathy and Rebellion." Arizona Quarterly 28 (1972): 39-54.

Teskey, Gordon. "The Bible in Billy Budd." Melville's Short Novels: Authoritative Texts, Contexts, Criticism. Ed. Dan McCall: Norton, New York, NY Pagination: 375-96, 2002. ix, 408.

Thomas, Brook. "Billy Budd and the Judgment of Silence." Bucknell Review 27.1 (1982): 51-78.

---. "The Legal Fictions of Herman Melville and Lemuel Shaw." Critical Inquiry 11.1 (1984): 24-51.

---. "Billy Budd and the Untold Story of the Law." Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature 1.1 (1989): 49-69.

Timmerman, John H. "Typology and Biblical Consistency in Billy Budd." Religion and Literature 15.1 (1983): 23-50.

Troy, Mark. "'... It's Me, Not the Sentence They'll Suspend': Billy in the Darbies." Orbis Litterarum: International Review of Literary Studies 52.4 (1997): 240-58.

Turnage, Maxine. "Melville's Concern with the Arts in Billy Budd." Arizona Quarterly 28 (1972): 74-82.

Vincent, Howard P. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Billy Budd. Twentieth Century Interpretations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971.

Wallace, Robert K. "Billy Budd and the Haymarket Hangings." American Literature 47 (1975): 108-13.

Wasserstrom, William. "Melville the Mannerist: Form in the Short Fiction." Herman Melville: Reassessments. Ed. A. Robert Lee. Crit. Studies Ser. London; Totowa, NJ: Vision; Barnes & Noble, 1984. 135-56.

Watson, E. L. Grant. "Melville's Testament of Acceptance." New England Quarterly 6 (1933): 319-327.

Wenke, John. "Complicating Vere: Melville's Practice of Revision in Billy Budd." Leviathan: A Journal of Melville Studies 1.1 (1999): 83-88.

Wenke, John. "Melville's Indirection: Billy Budd, the Genetic Text, and 'the Deadly Space between'." New Essays on Billy Budd. Ed. Donald Yannella. American Novel (Amnov): Cambridge UP, Cambridge, England Pagination: 114-44, 2002. xiii, 151.

Westover, Jeff. "The Impressments of Billy Budd." Massachusetts Review 39.3 (1998): 361-84.

Willett, Ralph W. "Nelson and Vere: Hero and Victim in Billy Budd, Sailor." PMLA 82 (1967): 370-76.

Wilson, G. R., Jr. "Billy Budd and Melville's Use of Dramatic Technique." Studies in Short Fiction 4 (1967): 105-11.

Yanella, Donald, ed. New Essays on Billy Budd. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 2002.

Yoder, Jonathan A. "The Protagonists' Rainbow in Billy Budd: Critical Trimming of Truth's Ragged Edge." American Transcendental Quarterly 7.2 (1993): 97-113.

---. "Melville's Snake on the Cross: Justice for John Claggart and Billy Budd." Christianity and Literature 43.2 (1994): 131-49.

---. "Astronomical Imagery and Symbolic Antithesis in Melville's Billy Budd." Essays in Arts and Sciences 22 (1993): 1-17.