BODY ESTEEM/CATHEXIS
How an individual feels about their body image is defined as body esteem.
Jouard and Secord developed methods for measuring body cathexis. Body satisfaction
and body esteem are also commonly used alternatives to the term body cathexis.
Alpher, V. S. (1983). Multifactor measurement of bodily feelings:
A validational study. Unpublished master's thesis, Vanderbilt University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception
Atkins, T. V. (1976). Development of a perception measure as a
basis for determining the relation of self-concept and clothing. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 37(07), 3363B, Texas Woman's University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Self-concept
Baggs, N. (1988). Clothing interest, self-esteem, body satisfaction
and fashion opinion leadership compared with weight of college females.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University.
ABSTRACT: The study was designed to determine whether there were differences
in clothing interest, body satisfaction, fashion opinion leadership qualities
and self-esteem among underweight, average weight, and overweight females.
The Baggs scale composed of Likert style questions was administered to 241
females (18-45 years). Results indicate no significant difference in clothing
interest, self-esteem, and fashion opinion leadership qualities for underweight,
average weight and overweight females regardless of which weight chart was
used to group the subjects. Positive correlations were found between body
satisfaction and self-esteem, clothing interest and body satisfaction, and
self-esteem and fashion opinion leadership qualities.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Self-esteem; Body satisfaction
Bailey, S. M., Goldberg, J. P., Swap, W. C., Chomitz, V. R., & Houser,
R. F. J. (1990). Relationships between body dissatisfaction and physical
measurements. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(4), 457-461.
ABSTRACT: Relationships among components of the Body Dissatisfaction (BD)
subscale, Body Mass Index (BMI), and relevant anthropometric measurements,
including waist and hip circumference and abdominal skinfold were examined
in 127 freshman and sophomore women. Results indicate strong correlation
between BD components and their anatomic referents.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Body weight; Body measurements; Height-weight
ratio; Body mass index
Balogun, J. A. (1986). Reliability and construct validity of the
body cathexis scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(3), 927-935.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to determine the reliability of the
Body Cathexis Scale (BCS) and the relationship between the BCS and the Tennessee
Self-concept Scale (TSCS)-subscales. A total of 50 female college students
completed the TSCS once and the BCS twice. Findings suggest that the BCS
is reliable and has a measure of construct validity. The BCS scores were
significantly correlated with those on physical self, personal self, family
self, social self, and total positive, but not with moral-ethical self or
self-criticism.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Barak, Y., Sirota, P., Tessler, M., & Achiron, A. (1994). Body
esteem in Israeli university students. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and
Related Sciences, 31(4), 292-295.
ABSTRACT: The study administered the Body Esteem Scale (BES) to 203 female
and 173 male Israeli undergraduates to establish the baseline ratings of
BES in Israel. These ratings were compared with the ratings established
for 633 female and 311 male US undergraduates. The results suggest that
differences between US and Israeli subjects' body esteem may reflect aspects
of social change related to a differing life-cycle in the two countries.
KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Body image; Cross-cultural differences; Female vs.
male college students
Ben-Tovim, D. I., & Walker, M. K. (1991). Women's body attitudes:
A review of measurement techniques. International Journal of Eating Disorders,
10(2), 155-167.
ABSTRACT: A study that was designed to assess the range of women's attitudes
toward their own bodies and to examine the application of available instruments
to anorexic, bulimic, and other clinical populations. Instruments reviewed
include the Body Cathexis Scale; Eating Disorders Inventory; Food, Fitness,
and Looks Questionnaire; Body Shape Questionnaire; and Draw A Person.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image ; Projective techniques; Body shape; Body
cathexis
Berkowitz, K. S. (1980). Judgments of body size and body satisfaction.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Case Western Reserve University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body satisfaction
Boudreau, J. A. L. (1988). Women with mastectomies and reconstructive
surgery: Body satisfaction, self-esteem, depression, life satisfaction and
outlook. Dissertation Abstracts International, 49(02), 537B, California
School of Professional Psychology, Fresno.
ABSTRACT: Differences in body satisfaction, self-esteem, depression, life-satisfaction,
and outlook in four groups of women were investigated using the Body Cathexis
Scale (Secord and Jourard, 1953), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965),
the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), the Life Satisfaction
Inventory-A (Neugarten et al., 1961), and the Outlook Scale (Ferman &
Aiken, 1964). Women who did not have a history of cancer or a mastectomy
(N=61), women with mastectomies who were not consulted regarding reconstruction
(N=37), women who had consulted (N=37), and women with reconstruction (N=41)
were assessed with these scales as well as a demographic questionnaire.
It was suggested that women with mastectomies for cancer were able to adjust
to the loss of a breast by making "downward comparisons," thereby
enabling them to deny feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, and that
these women felt in control by virtue of making various choices regarding
reconstruction.
KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction; Self-esteem; Mastectomies
Boyd, M. A. (1989). Living with overweight. Perspectives in Psychiatric
Care, 25(3-4), 48-52.
ABSTRACT: A study administered to 20 women to assess their beliefs and attitudes
about overweight. The subjects redefined their negative experiences into
more positive and realistic ones that included recognizing additional sources
of stress that contributed to low self-esteem and negative body image.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body awareness; Obesity
Brace, K. D. (1991). Women's body images: The impact of alcohol/drug
abuse on body cathexis scores. Psychology A Journal of Human Behavior,
28(2), 27-32.
ABSTRACT: The study was designed to measure the body images of women classified
by self-report as abusers or nonabusers of alcohol and/or drugs by using
modified Body Cathexis Scale. Subjects were 18 college student nonabusers
of alcohol (mean age 29 years) and 18 drug/alcohol abusers (mean age 37
years) who were enrolled in a treatment program. Findings suggest that counselors
working with women alcohol/drug abusers need to encourage more appreciation
of physical appearance as part of the recovery process.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body image; Alcohol or drug abuse
Brock, L. E. (1988). The relationship of self-esteem to body image
in college age women: A report of an Independent study for the division
of behavioral sciences and human services. (Undergraduate research papers).
Maryville College.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Brunn, A. C. (1975). A study of the relationships among self-concept,
body cathexis, and sociometric status of institutionalized adolescents.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 36(09), 4749B, Baylor University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Self-concept
Burgard, D. L. (1991). Correlates of self-esteem, perceived self-control,
body size acceptance and intention to lose weight in women over 200 pounds.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 52(01), 557B, The Wright Institute.
ABSTRACT: Since the culturally desirable weight is "natural" only
for the thinnest 10% of the population (Garner et al, 1980), there remains
90% of the population whose weight exceeds the slender ideal. This study
explores how women over 200 pounds are negotiating this dilemma and what
its effects have been of their self-esteem, sense of self-control, acceptance
of their body size, and intention to lose weight. Results showed strong
positive relationships between self-esteem, perceived self-control, and
intention to lose weight. The implications of the findings are discussed
with regard to their refutation of the cultural belief that it is impossible
to like or accept oneself if one is not slender, their challenge to assumptions
about the benefits of believing that one can control one's weight, and their
illumination of possible directions for therapy with obese women.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Eating disorders; Body size
Burger, G. D. (1976). Self-esteem and body satisfaction as they
relate to clothing attitudes: A comparison of freshmen and junior college
women. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem
Bushy, A. S. (1987). Body image and self-esteem during pregnancy:
A comparison of rural and urban populations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Texas, Austin.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Cado, S. (1989). Cognitive behavior therapy with and without size
perception training for women with negative body image. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, University of Vermont.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Social perception; Cognitive therapy
Campbell, K. M. (1978). Self-concept of normal weight, overweight,
and obese adolescent females. Unpublished master's thesis, California
State University, Long Beach.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception; Obesity
Carey, I. L. S. (1988). Changes in clothing use, body cathexis,
and self-concept as the result of participation in an image improvement
through dress program. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Nevada,
Reno.
ABSTRACT: The study was designed to determine the influence of an image
improvement through dress program on clothing use, body cathexis, clothed
body cathexis, and self-concept. Subjects were 29 working women who were
administered a body cathexis scale, clothed body-cathexis scale, Tennessee
Self-Concept Scale, and clothing use instrument. T-test determined body
cathexis scores had improved, but the clothing use instrument indicated
the improvement was not necessarily due to the adoption of clothing styles.
Body cathexis scores compared to clothed body cathexis scores indicated
that clothed body cathexis and body cathexis were different constructs.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Self-concept
Cash, T. F., & Hicks, K. L. (1990). Being fat versus thinking
fat: Relationships with body image, eating behaviors, and well-being. Cognitive
Therapy and Research, 14(3), 327-341.
ABSTRACT: Two correlational studies investigated the independent relationships
of actual and self-classified weight to body image attitudes, weight concerns,
eating and dieting behaviors, and psychosocial well-being. In study 1, subjects
self-classified as overweight, relative to normal-weight controls, reported
a less-adaptive body image, more frequent binge eating and dietary restraint
to lose weight, and poorer well-being. In study 2, actually being overweight
produced only a few group differences, particularly for females, from subject
self-classified as overweight.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body weight; Self-report
Chowdhary, U. (1993). Self-perceived somatotypes and clothing-related
behavior of older men and women. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(1),
307-322.
ABSTRACT: An investigation of relationship between clothing-related behavior
of older men and women and self-perceived somatotypes was administered among
507 elderly subjects (65-88 years old, 70% women). Results indicate that
body-type was significantly related to significance of apparel, self-esteem,
and chronological age. No sex differences were found in perception of body-types.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Clothing related behavior; Sex & self-perceived
somatotypes; Body shape
Chwast, R. (1978). The interrelationship among accuracy of body
size perception, body satisfaction and the body image in obese and non-obese
women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Case Western Reserve University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Body satisfaction; Obesity
Clance, P. R., Matthews, T. V., & Joesting, J. (1979). Body cathexis
and self-cathexis in an interactional awareness training class. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 48(1), 221-222.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the effects of a Psychology of Adjustment class
on body-acceptance and self-acceptance in 22 undergraduates. An Introductory
to Psychology class with 45 undergraduates served as a control group. Results
indicated that the adjustment group showed a larger gain on both scales
than the control. Sex, interacted with Group significantly on the Body-Cathexis
Scale only.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Self-cathexis
Clance, P. R., Thompson, M. B., Simerly, D. E., & Weiss, A. (1994).
The effects of the gestalt approach on body image. Gestalt Journal,
17(1), 95-114.
ABSTRACT: The study hypothesized that Gestalt-therapy awareness exercises
and intervention techniques would result in positive changes in subjects'
attitudes toward body and self and that treatment would correlate with the
sex of the subjects. A total of 15 undergraduate students and 15 control
subjects participated in the study. Gestalt therapy brought about a significant
positive change in the subjects' attitudes toward body and self.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body image
Creekmore, A. M. (1974). Clothing related to body satisfaction
and perceived peer self. (Research Report, Agricultural Experiment Station
239). Michigan State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction; Clothing and dress
Davies, K., & Wardle, J. (1994). Body image and dieting in pregnancy.
Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(8), 787-799.
ABSTRACT: The study evaluated body image, body satisfaction, and body shape
ideals in pregnant women to identify whether the pregnancy role confers
respectability or acceptability on a weight gain which would otherwise be
unacceptable. Results indicated that pregnancy was not associated with any
relaxation of body image ideals, as pregnant women chose a similar size
of figure to non-pregnant women as their ideal.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Body satisfaction; Body shape
Davis, L. L. (1981). Conformity and judgments of fashionability.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 42(05), 1839B, Purdue University.
ABSTRACT: Conformity in judgments of the fashionability of garments was
investigated using an established conformity paradigm developed by Asch
(1951) and Sherif (1935). Subjects were 160 female undergraduate students.
Participants made a reassessment of their original opinions of the fashionability
of six women's suits after being exposed to opinions attributed to one of
the four reference groups. Greater conformity resulted for the more subjective
judgments of future fashionability than to judgments of present fashionability.
Individuals conformed more to the opinion of others when the opinion was
attributed to fashion experts than when the opinion was attributed to housewives,
college females, or career women.
KEYWORDS: Conformity; Judgments of fashionability
Davis, L. L. (1985). Perceived somatotype, body cathexis, and attitudes
toward clothing among college females. Perceptual and Motor Skills,
61(3, Pt 2), 1199-1205.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the relationship between perceived somatotype
and body cathexis and assessed the perceived ideal somatotype among 91 female
college students (aged 19-24). Subjects were administered a perceived somatotype
scale, a body-cathexis scale, and several measures of fashion and clothing
interest and use. Results indicate that the ectomorphic build was perceived
as the ideal somatotype for college females. As subjects' self-perceived
somatotype deviated from the ideal and moved toward the mesomorphic and
endomorphic, body cathexis scores decreased. Contrary to stereotypic assumptions,
perceived somatotype was unrelated to the fashion and clothing measures.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Somatotype
Davis, C. (1990). Body image and weight preoccupation: A comparison
between exercising and non-exercising women. Appetite, 15(1), 13-21.
ABSTRACT: Relationships were examined among certain personality characteristics
and variables which assess weight, diet, and appearance concerns for two
groups of women, one group who were avid exercisers, and a second group
who were occasionally or not at all exercisers. Dedication to regular exercise
may foster an distorted impression of body size and an increased likelihood
of developing an obsessive attitude toward weight control.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Body mass index; Appetite disorders
Davis, L. C. (1990). Self-esteem, body satisfaction, and depressive
thought content: Relationship to eating behaviors in a female high school
population. Unpublished master's thesis, Pacific Lutheran University.
ABSTRACT: A battery of questionnaires consisting of the Eating Disorders
Inventory, Beck's Depression Inventory, the Body Cathexis Scale, and the
Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale was used to determine the relationship
among eating behaviors and self-esteem, cognitive/depressive thought patterns
and body satisfaction in a high school female populations. The questionnaires
were administered to a sample of 45 high school sophomore females. Results
indicate that eating behaviors and self-esteem, cognitive/depressive thought
patterns, and body satisfaction were significantly related for the females
in this study.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body satisfaction; Eating behaviors
Davis, C., Durnin, J. V. G. A., Dionne, M., & Gurevich, M. (1994).
The influence of body fat content and bone diameter measurements on body
dissatisfaction in adult women. International Journal of Eating Disorders,
15(3), 257-263.
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the simultaneous influence of various
anthropometric factors on body dissatisfaction in adult women while controlling
for psychological and behavioral factors known to covary with it. It appears
that anatomical factors that are resistant to change by caloric restriction
or physical activity are a significant influence in the degree to which
women report discontent with their body shape.
KEYWORDS: Body measurements; Body fat; Self-perception; Body image; Body
size; Body shape
Denniston, C. D. (1990). Body image and depression among college
women: A multimodal approach. Unpublished master's thesis, Loyola College,
Maryland.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception
DiNucci, J. M., Finkenberg, M. E., McCune, S. L., McCune, E. D., &
Mayo, T. (1994). Analysis of body esteem of female collegiate athletes.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(1), 315-319.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Collegiate athletes
Dolce, J. J., Thompson, J. K., Register, A., & Spans, R. E. (1987).
Generalization of body size distortion. International Journal of Eating
Disorders, 6(3), 401-408.
ABSTRACT: The study assessed levels of body size overestimation for self-relevant
body areas and corresponding sites on a normal-sized department store mannequin
in 34 asymtomatic, normal-weight college females (17 Blacks, 17 Whites).
Results indicate a greater number of significant correlations among self-estimates
and mannequin scores than significant relationships between self and mannequin
distortion quotients.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body weight
Doss, F. D. (1990). Clothing availability from department and
specialty stores: Implications for self-esteem, body satisfaction, and design
line preference of large-size women. Unpublished master's thesis, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Clothing and dress
Dudas, T. (1981). The psychopathic character structure: a correlatonal
study of body type and personality correlates. Doctoral dissertation,
California school of professional psychology, Berkley/Alameda.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence for
a correlation between body-type and personality style. It was predicted
that two qualified raters could rate body type with a high inter-rater reliability.
...(abridged)
KEYWORDS: Body type; Personality
Durham, M. E. (1985). Body weight in relationship to self-concept
and assertiveness. Unpublished master's thesis, California State University,
Long Beach.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Self-concept; Self-esteem; Obesity
Eigner, J. B. (1984). Interaction and building of body-concept
and self-concept over the lifespan: A study of 20 women age 40 to 60.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 45(06), 1901B, Saint Louis University.
ABSTRACT: The study utilized qualitative and quantitative methods and found
two routes available to a high body-concept (HBC). The first route was a
high self-concept (HSC) the best guarantee of which was a stable family
life. The second was a lowered self-concept which focused interest in the
body to increase shaky self-esteem. Although some women who had HSC but,
with difficulties of obesity or health problems, downrated their body-concepts,
they were not preoccupied with their bodies . Some women with LSC or MSC
were preoccupied with their bodies and so critical that they were not able
to rate their body concepts highly. With parents who produced HSC daughters,
the majority of these women also had HBC. The parents provided an emotionally
solid family environment, encouraged sibling closeness and opportunities
for physical activity. Parents who were unable to provide solid emotional
support for daughters often gave confusing or hostile messages about maturing.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Self-concept; Body-concept; Body image
Eisman, R. (1993). The body type/temperament mismatch and self-actualization.
Psychological Reports, 73(3), 942-942.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body type
Engelman, S. R., Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. (1982). Self and body-cathexis
change in therapy and yoga groups. Journal of The American Society of
Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine, 29(3), 77-88.
ABSTRACT: The study compared group therapy and yoga group participants for
changes in self- and body-cathexis. The sample consisted of 45 subjects
from non-body-oriented group therapy (mean age 38 years), 33 subjects from
yoga groups (mean age 25 years), and 42 control subjects (mean age 23 years).
The subjects were asked to complete the Body-Cathexis and the Self-Cathexis
Scales before, and ten weeks after, the group meetings began. Results show
that yoga participants changed significantly more on self-cathexis and body
cathexis. Therapy groups did not show significant body-cathexis change in
comparison to controls, but they did show significant positive self-cathexis
change. To produce change in body concept and self-concept, group therapy
is likely to be most effective when intrapsychic, interpsychic, and techniques
involving the body are combined.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Erdman, C. K. (1991). Nothing to lose: A naturalistic study of
size acceptance in fat women. Dissertation Abstracts International,
52(04).,.
ABSTRACT: The cumulative experiences and personal accounts of body size
acceptance in fat women presented in this naturalistic study provide insights
into their commonalties. The theme of public misconceptions versus private
realities was examined from a societal, body/medical, and mind perspective.
The data indicate that the body image constructs of these women are different
from the distorted body image of women with eating disorders. As role models
and leaders, they sought out support and also gave support to other fat
women.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Finkenberg, M. E., DiNucci, J. M., McCune, S. L., & McCune, E. D.
(1993). Body esteem and enrollment in classes with different levels
of physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76(3, Pt 1), 783-792.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated differences in self-reported scores on
the Body Esteem Scale (BES) of college women and men who were participated
in classes requiring vigorous or little physical activity, respectively.
The correlation between participation and body esteem was also examined.
The BES was given to the subjects during the first and the last weeks of
one semester. MANOVA indicated significant significant differences initially
among the two groups of women on three subscales (Sexual Attractiveness,
Weight Control, and Physical Condition), while mean for overall scores for
body esteem were higher for women in the vigorous activity group than in
the comparison group. No significant differences were found at the later
testing. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences on men at either
testing.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Exercise
Foley, M. H. (1989). Professional female models: Body esteem and
causal attributions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State
University.
ABSTRACT: The study was aimed to determine whether professional female fashion
models differ from female nonmodels in how they perceive themselves and
in how they perceive causality as related to events in their lives. Subjects
consisted of 59 models and 60 non-models who were compared on the Body Esteem
Scale and on measures of causality using the Causal Dimension Scale for
eight scenarios involving successes and failures with men and women in social
and work contexts. Results suggest that there were differences in how models
perceive themselves and the causes for events in their lives as compared
to non-models. The study concludes that women in general, and models in
particular, may be socialized differently, with physical appearance stereotyping
beginning early. The higher frequency of eating disorder symptoms for models
may reflect the societal introjection of a "thinness at any cost"
injunction.
KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Body image; Female models
Ford, S. (1993). A comparison of body cathexis, garment fit satisfaction
and uniform preferences of college women basketball players. Unpublished
master's thesis, University of North Carolina, Greensboro.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body ; Body cathexis; Uniform
Franzoi, S. L., & Shields, S. A. (1984). The body esteem scale:
Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population.
Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(2), 173-178.
ABSTRACT: The study describes the development of norms and reliability and
validity data for an objectively scored body esteem scale. The new measure
is related to the Body Cathexis Scale but does not assume a priori that
body esteem is a unidimensional construct. Subjects consisted of 366 female
and 257 male undergraduates and were administered the Body Cathexis Scale
and asked to scale each item on a 5-point Likert Scale. Results of factor
analysis revealed that body esteem is a multidimensional construct that
differs for males and females. For males, the body esteem dimensions dealt
with physical attractiveness, upper body strength, and physical condition.
For females, the dimensions dealt with sexual attractiveness, weight concern,
and physical condition.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body esteem; Body cathexis
Franzoi, S. L., & Herzog, M. E. (1986). The body esteem scale:
A convergent and discriminate validity study. Journal of Personality
Assessment, 50(1), 24-31.
ABSTRACT: Two studies investigated the convergent and discriminate validity
of the Body Esteem Scale (BES) developed by the first author and S.A. Shields
using 154 male and 193 female undergraduates. Good convergent and discriminate
validity was demonstrated by the male Upper Body Strength and the Physical
Condition subscales and by the female Weight Concern, Physical Condition,
and Sexual Attractiveness subscales. Overall results confirm the BES's validity
as a multidimensional measure of body satisfaction.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body esteem
Franzoi, S. L. (1994). Further evidence of the reliability and validity
of the body esteem scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(2),
237-239.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body esteem
Frederick, N. J. (1977). The relationship between body-cathexis
and clothing market satisfaction of overweight women. Unpublished master's
thesis, Washington State University, Pullman.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Clothing and dress
Freeman, F. P. (1977). Perceived body weight, body cathexis, and
clothing interest: Importance of overweight and normal weight women.
Unpublished master's thesis, Ohio State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Clothing and dress
Frost, E. A. (1968). Values, body cathexis, and clothing attitudes
of male university students. Unpublished master's thesis, Utah State
University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Clothing and dress
Furst, D. M., & Tenenbaum, G. (1984). A correlation of body cathexis
and anxiety in athletes and nonathletes. International Journal of Sport
Psychology, 15(3), 160-168.
ABSTRACT: The study tested the assumption that participation in a physical
activity such as athletics is intrinsically satisfying and associated with
a positive body image and with lower anxiety. Subjects were 35 male members
on varsity teams at a university and 24 male nonathletes (never having participated
in interscholastic or intercollegiate sports). Subjects were measured for
body cathexis, using a 5-point rating scale, and were administered the Taylor
Manifest Anxiety Scale. The hypotheses were only partially supported. Success
and satisfaction were probably not major factors in determining high and
low body cathexis for athletes but were major factors for nonathletes. Subjectively
perceived satisfaction helped explain the body cathexis participation relationship.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Gahm, R. C. (1972). Perceived body size and self-evaluation.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size; Self-evaluation; Child psychology
Gardner, R. M., Morrell, J., Urrutia, R., & Espinoza, T. (1989).
Judgments of body size following significant weight loss. Journal of
Social Behavior and Personality, 4(5), 603-613.
ABSTRACT: The accuracy of body image (BIs) was measured in 40 subjects who
had lost significant amounts of weight, using a video methodology. Results
illustrate a procedure for precisely measuring judgments of body size. This
approach allows for the application of traditional psychophysical techniques
to the measurement of an aspect of behavior in conditions ranging from eating
disorders to schizophrenia.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body weight
Geiger, K. M. (1987). Physical self-concept of female body builders,
female athletes, and female non-athletes. Unpublished master's thesis,
University of Northern Iowa.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception
Gleghorn, A. A. (1988). The functional relationship between self-esteem
and body image. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of South
Florida.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Green, M. W., & Rogers, P. J. (1993). Selective attention to
food and body shape words in dieters and restrained nondieters. The International
Journal of Eating Disorders, 14(4), 515-518.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body
Guaraldi, G. P., Orlandi, E., Boselli, P., & Tartoni, P. L. (1995).
Body size perception and dissatisfaction in female subjects of different
ages. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 64(3-4), 149.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body ; Body size
Haimovitz, D., Lansky, L. M., & O'Reilly, P. (1993). Fluctuations
in body satisfaction across situations. International Journal of Eating
Disorders, 13(1), 77-84.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the degree of body satisfaction (BDS) among
144 undergraduate women in four situations: (a) Walking by a group of attractive
men and women at the beach in a bathing suit, (b) Having a conversation
with a close female friend over lunch, (c) Getting dressed to go to school
in privacy, and (d) Trying on bathing suits in the dressing room of a department
store. Subjects were asked to complete the Color-A-Person Body Dissatisfaction
Test for each situation. Results indicated that BDS scores reflect how subjects
felt about their bodies when they were being especially self-critical, rather
than how they felt in everyday situations.
KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction; Body weight; Self-perception; Body image
Haines, S. P. (1981). A study of the relationship between expressed
satisfaction or dissatisfaction with body weight and level of self-esteem.
Unpublished master's thesis, Loyola College.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Weight satisfaction; Body satisfaction; Self-esteem
Hall-Polus, B. (1994). Body image satisfaction and self-esteem
in an elderly population. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University
of Kentucky, Lexington.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Hammond, S. M., & O'Rourke, M. M. (1984). A psychometric investigation
into the body cathexis scale. Personality and Individual Differences,
5(5), 603-605.
ABSTRACT: The study administered the Body-Cathexis Scale to 398 subjects
(aged 14-22 years) to assess its psychometric properties. Results indicate
a strong unidimensional measure with high internal consistency. The scale
is recommended for use in research examining the role of body feelings in
self-concept and personality.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Harmatz, M. G. (1987). The misperception of overweight in normal
and underweight women. Journal of Obesity and Weight Regulation,
6(1), 38-54.
ABSTRACT: The study compared 75 normal and underweight female college students
who classified themselves as overweight with 178 female college students
who did not show this misperception. Weight-misperceiving subjects showed
lower self-esteem, greater problems with food regulations and diet, negative
emotional states, and a variety of eating disordered behaviors, including
cycles of bingeing and extreme dieting. Their inability to reduce their
normal bodies to their unrealistic ideal body size kept them in a permanent
state of frustration.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Self-esteem
Hayes, D. (1995). Size acceptance. Healthy Weight Journal,
9(2), 35.
ABSTRACT: Loving your body, moving your body, feeding your body
KEYWORDS: Body ; Size
Head, S. S. (1989). Sizing up : fashion, fitness, and self-esteem
for full-figured women. New York, N. Y.: Simon and Schuster.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Sizing; Clothing and dress; Obesity
Hicks, R. A., & Gaus, W. (1983). Self-reported excess body weight
in short- and long-sleeping college students. Psychological Reports,
52(3), 930.
ABSTRACT: The study pretested a group of more than 200 college students
with a questionnaire on sleep habits and included an item that asked them
to estimate the degree (in pounds) that they were underweight or overweight.
Subjects who had for 6+ months been short or long sleepers and who reported
being satisfied with their sleep were identified. Findings also indicated
that short sleepers were more likely to be overweight than long sleepers.
KEYWORDS: Body weight
Hodge, C. N., Jackson, L. A., & Sullivan, L. A. (1993). The freshmen
15: Facts and fantasies about weight gain in college women. Psychology
of Women Quarterly, 17(1), 119-126.
ABSTRACT: The study was designed to test the hypothesis that the "freshman
15," which refers to the belief that college students gain an average
of 15 lb. during their first year of college. Participants were 61 female
college students. It was found that the majority of study participants remained
the same weight during the first six months of college. Results also indicated
that a favorable body image was related to weight loss among those who lost
weight.
KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Body weight; Body image; Self-esteem; Self-monitoring
personality
Hwang, J. (1993). Body image, self-esteem, and clothing of men
and women aged 55 years and older. Unpublished master's thesis, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Clothing and dress
Johnson, K. K. (1990). Impressions of personality based on body forms:
An application of Hillestad's model of appearance. Clothing and Textiles
Research Journal, 8(4), 34-39.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated whether impressions of personality varied
by size and shape of male and female body forms in 385 undergraduates. Each
subject received a questionnaire with a line drawing of a male or female
representing an ectomorphic (thin), ecto-mesomorphic (thin/muscular), mesomorphic
(muscular), endo-mesomorphic (heavy/muscular) or endomorphic (heavy) body
form. Each subject rated one body form on 22 characteristics. Subjects'
impressions of personality were influenced by body form information. Subjects
rated male body forms as generally more "masculine" than female
body forms and the mesomorphic body form was rated overall highest on the
factor "activity." Male body forms appear to have more appeal
overall than female body forms except in the case of the female ectomorph.
KEYWORDS: Body form
Joyner, C. (1993). Clothing interest, self-esteem, health, and
body satisfaction of women age 55 and older. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Florida State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Jupp, J. J. (1983). Change in unconscious concern with body image
following treatment for obesity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47(5),
483-489.
ABSTRACT: (The Body Cathexis Scale was used to elicit unconscious concerns
about the body in obese and normal subjects. In study one, 80 nonobese subjects
(17-56 years) was used to gather baseline data and to examine the discriminate
validity of the scale as a measure of unconscious rather than conscious
body concern. In study two, a total of 143 obese subjects (19-66 years old)
showed a significantly greater concern with the body than that shown by
the normative group. In study three, 33 obese subjects (21-57 years) were
tested before and after weight-reduction counseling, levels of concern declined
to normal levels at the conclusion of counseling. Results showed that the
change in body concern due to counseling and efforts to raise self-esteem
through ego-enhancing suggestions resulted not only in weight loss but also
changes in attitude toward the self.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Body cathexis; Obesity
Kelson, T. R., Kearney-Cooke, A., & Lansky, L. M. (1990). Body
image and body beautification among female college students. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 71(1), 281-289.
ABSTRACT: (The study examined correlates of body image (public and private
body consciousness (BCS), body competence (BCM)) and beautification (BEU)
in 245 White female undergraduates. Results indicate that correlations between
private BCS and BEU scales were significant, indicating that public BCS
is related to the use of cosmetics. There was a positive correlation between
BCM and body cathexis. BEU was positively related to feelings about the
body and the self for nonfeminists but not for feminists.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body image; Body beautification
King, M. R. (1976). Self-esteem and body esteem effects in a job
interview: A video playback study. Dissertation Abstracts International,
37(05), 2744A, The University of Texas, Austin.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body-esteem; Job interview
Kirk, C. C. (1994). Taming the diet dragon: Using language and
imagery for weight control and body transformation. (2nd ed.). St. Paul:
Llewellyn Publications.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Imagery
Kurtz, R. M. (1966). The relationship of body attitude to sex,
body size, and body build in a college population. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Cincinnati.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body build; Body attitude
Kuskowska-Wolk, A., Karlsson, P., Stolt, M., & Rossner, S. (1990).
The predictive validity of body mass index based on self-reported weight
and height. International Journal of Obesity, 13(4), 441-453.
ABSTRACT: This study tested the hypothesis that individuals in the Western
society tend to report values of weight and height that conform with current
norms. The body mass index (BMI) was analyzed by using data from a random
sample that includes 182 women with a mean age of 62 years and 119 men with
a mean age of 56 years from a health care center. Multiple multivariate
linear regression analysis was used to study the relationship between self-reported
(subjective) and controlled (objective) values. Results indicate that there
is a systematic tendency for high values to be underestimated and for low
ones to be overestimated.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Height-weight ratio; Self-reporting
Kwon, Y., & Parham, E. (1994). Effects of state of fatness perception
on weight conscious women's clothing practices. Clothing and Textiles
Research Journal, 12(4), 16-21.
ABSTRACT: The study identified the dimensions of clothing functions given
2 different situations: (1) for when a person feels fat or feels they have
gained weight (Fat State), (2) when a person feels more slender or feels
they have lost weight (Slender State). Significant differences were found
between clothing functions for the Fat and Slender States, indicating that
the motivations concerning clothing functions for the 2 states were basically
different.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body weight; Self-perception
Lai, S.-M. M. (1983). A comparison of body composition, body cathexis,
and attitude toward obesity in women with different levels of physical activity.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oregon State University.
ABSTRACT: The study was designed to identify significant differences in
body composition, body cathexis, and attitudes toward obesity of women in
various age groups involved in different levels of physical exercise. Subjects
(17-64 years) were classified into three age groups: college-age, beyond
college-age, and middle-aged. Three categories exercises were assigned:
very active, moderately active, and relatively inactive. Results indicated
that different levels of physical activity performed by women had significant
effects on their body fat percentage and their body cathexis, Subjects in
the very active level of physical exercise showed the lowest percentage
of body fat and the most positive attitudes toward their bodies. Women's
obesity attitudes were not affected by either age or levels of physical
activity.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body composition; Obesity; Body cathexis; Physical
activity
Lamb, C. S., Jackson, L. A., Cassiday, P. B., & Priest, D. J. (1993).
Body figure preferences of men and women: A comparison of two generations.
Sex Roles, 28(5-6), 345.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body
Larrimer, J. A. (1982). A comparative study of body cathexis and
statements about clothing of feminist and non-feminist women. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 38(10), 4751B, University of Missouri, Columbia.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Clothing and dress
Lass, N. J. (1982). Correlational study of subjects' self-reported
and measured heights and weights. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 11(4),
707-711.
ABSTRACT: The study assessed a behavioral approach to the treatment of bulimia,
focusing on increasing control over eating, eliminating food avoidance,
and changing maladaptive attitudes. Treatment is conducted on an outpatient
basis, and may be divided into 2 parts. Part 1 is the interruption of the
viscous cycle of overeating and vomiting by helping the patient control
food intake. Part 2 helps the patient to modify abnormal attitudes to food,
eating, body weight, and shape. In a study with 11 females (17-27 years)
with bulimia, preliminary findings are promising, with improvement appearing
to be maintained. Components of the treatment may benefit patients who simply
complain of overeating.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Bulimia
Lauffer, P. L. (1987). The effect of gender, gender role, and
weight training on self-concept and body cathexis. Unpublished master's
thesis, The University of Arizona.
ABSTRACT: The purposes of the study were (a) to examine the self-concepts
and body cathexis of both males and females engaged in an eleven-week weight
training course, and (b) to examine if differences in gender role would
influence the relationship of strength to self-concept and body cathexis.
Each group (weight trainers and controls) was administered the Tennessee
Self Concept Scale, Bem Sex-Role Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory,
and the Body Cathexis Scale. Results indicated pre- and post- differences
between and among the groups and genders and the genders and the gender
roles.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Self-concept
Levine, N. L. (1990). Women's experiences of body image and self-esteem:
A comparison study of heterosexual and lesbian women; a project based upon
an independent investigation. Unpublished master's thesis, Smith College
School.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Lisi, R. T. (1984). A comparative study of body weight and life
satisfaction in elderly females. Unpublished master's thesis, University
of Delaware.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Obesity; Body satisfaction; Weight satisfaction
Loftis, D. E. (1981). The relationship between self-esteem, body
esteem, weight loss, and weight loss maintenance. Dissertation Abstracts
International, 42(06), 2537B, Georgia State University.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the relationship between weight loss maintenance
and changes in self-esteem and body esteem. Subjects consisted of 30 males
and 46 females (a mean age of 37.6 years) in a 12-month weight loss program.
The study concluded that (a) there is a positive relationship between weight
loss maintenance and improvements in self-esteem and body esteem, (b) there
was a positive relationship between weight loss and improvements in self-esteem
and body esteem in a treatment period as brief as eight months, (c) age
of onset of obesity did not appear to be a significant factor on levels
of self-esteem and body esteem for adults subjects.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body esteem; Weight loss
Mahoney, E. R., & Finch, M. D. (1976). Body cathexis and self-esteem:
A reanalysis of the differential contribution of specific body aspects.
Journal of Social Psychology, 99(2), 251-258.
ABSTRACT: A sample of 98 male and 129 female college students responded
to a standard self-esteem rating scale (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) in
addition to a body-cathexis questionnaire. Results indicate that body aspects
previously considered most important to self-esteem are largely a function
of the failure of previous studies to examine the role of suppresser variables.
Body aspects stereotypically considered important contributed minimally
to self-esteem level, and the total proportion of variance in self-esteem
accounted for by body cathexis was contributed by a small number of body
aspects.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Self-esteem
Mahoney, E. R., & Finch, M. D. (1976). The dimensionality of
body cathexis. Journal of Psychology, 92(2), 277-279.
ABSTRACT: The study is an exploratory examination of the dimensionality
of body perception in terms of satisfaction with body aspects. Subjects
were 98 male and 128 female college students who rated their satisfaction
or dissatisfaction with 22 or 20 body characteristics. Results indicate
that the complex of body aspects can be discussed in terms of a relatively
small number of dimensions.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Manley, J. W. (1991). Self-worth, body cathexis, and satisfaction
with available selection for those who wear different-size maternity clothing.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 52(02), 1041B, Virginia Polytechinic
Institute and State University.
ABSTRACT: The study was to determine the effects of self-reported dress
size category on self-worth, body cathexis, and satisfaction with available
selection of maternity clothing for pregnant females. Sample of 83 pregnant
females was derived from prepared childbirth classes. Respondents exhibited
no significant difference in global self-worth and the associated subscales
or satisfaction with available selection of maternity clothing. Results
imply that pregnancy influences how satisfied women feel about their body
and that large-size women's body cathexis may improve during pregnancy.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body cathexis; Pregnancy
Marano, H. E. (1991). Style is not a size: Looking and feeling
great in the body you have. New York: Bantam Books.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size
Markee, N. L., Carey, I. L., & Pedersen, E. L. (1990). Body cathexis
and clothed body cathexis: Is there a difference. Perceptual and Motor
Skills, 70(3, Pt 2), 1239-1244.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the effects of wearing clothing on perceptions
of the body, using a modified (nude) Body Cathexis Scale (BCS) and the clothed
Body Cathexis Scale (CBCS) developed by the authors. A total of 29 working
women (aged 25-45 years) completed the scales twice, 3-4 months apart. Pretest
CBCS scores were significantly higher than BCS scores for facial complexion,
profile, weight distribution, eyes, waist, arms, shape of legs, general
appearance, face, hips, body build, thighs, chest, and total score. Posttest
results were similar except that differences regarding hips and chest were
not significant.
KEYWORDS: Body build; Body cathexis
McAllister, R., & Caltabiano, M. L. (1994). Self-esteem, body
image, and weight in noneating-disordered women. Psychological Reports,
75(3, Pt 1), 1339-1343.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the self-esteem of 69 women attending weight-loss
centers in relation to attitudes toward body and weight, actual weight,
number of diets undergone, and weight fluctuations. The results indicated
that there was no association between self-esteem and either eating restraint
or significant others' attitudes. However, the study found that women with
stable weight had the highest self-esteem, whereas women on diets were indicated
having low self-esteem.
KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Self-esteem; Body-image; Body-weight
McIntyre, P. K. (1989). Sex differences in the interaction of
self-esteem and body esteem at two universities. Dissertation Abstracts
International, 49(09), 2591A, University of Pennsylvania.
ABSTRACT: The study examined sex differences in the dimensions of self-esteem
and body esteem, and the relationship of these differences to the cultural
standards of body shape for college age men and women. Male (N=121) and
female (N=109) students from two universities completed surveys in summer
school classes. Results indicated that male students emphasized physical
abilities and muscular size and strength in self-evaluation, whereas female
students were concerned with their aesthetic appearance, and focused particular
attention on their weight.
KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Self-esteem
Molinari, E. (1995). Self-others perception in a clinical sample
of obese women. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80(3, Pt 2), 1283-1289.
ABSTRACT: The study used correspondence analysis on responses to Semantic
differential scores to examine self-perception in a clinical sample of 120
obese women in order to compare their attitudes toward obese, thin, and
normal persons. Analysis shows that subjects' judgments of the "real
me" were very close to those of the "ideal me." The results
also indicated that self-attributed rating contrasted markedly with the
negative ratings attributed to obesity.
KEYWORDS: Self-perception; Body weight
Murphy, N. (1978). Body-cathexis and self-esteem: Their relation
to weight loss among females. Unpublished master's thesis, University
of Houston, Victoria.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Self-esteem
Norder-Pietrzak, M. M. (1994). Perceived body image selected lifestyle
practices and their relationship to physical self-esteem. Unpublished
master thesis, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
O'Neill, J. A. (1976). Self-cathexis and body-cathexis participants
in selected environmental sport activities. Unpublished master's thesis,
Oregon State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Oh, K. Y. (1995). Gender role orientations of divorced women as
related to interest in clothing and body satisfaction. Unpublished master's
thesis, Iowa State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction
Oscarson, J. M. (1969). A study of adjustment, body cathexis,
perceived ideal body type, and objective body type in pre-, mid-, and post-pubescent
girls. Dissertation Abstracts International, 31(01), 232A, Indiana University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Ideal body; Body image; Body cathexis; Body type
Oscarson, J. (1970). A study of adjustment, body cathexis, perceived
ideal body type, and objective body type in pre-pubescent, mid-pubescent,
and post-pubescent girls. Indiana university.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body type; Perceived ideal
Pasqualli, R., Casimirri, F., Tortelli, O., Pascal, G. C., & Anconetani,
B. (1993). Body size, and body fat distribution, psychological factors
and dietary habits, in relationship to menoupause: Results of the virgilio-menopause-health
(VMH) project. Advances in The Biosciences, 90, 337.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body size; Body fat distribution; Dietary; Menopause
Penalis, F. M. (1968). Self-esteem and conformity in clothing
of adolescent girls as reflected by brand name awareness and preference.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 30(03), 1349B, The Pennsylvania State
University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Conformity; Adolescence
Posavac, H. D. (1994). Social comparison contrast effects on measures
of body esteem: A study of the interaction between contextual and perceiver
characteristics. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Utah.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction; Body image; Mass media; Body esteem
Powers, P. D., & Erickson, M. T. (1986). Body image in women
and its relationship to self-image and body satisfaction. Journal of
Obesity and Weight Regulation, 5(1), 37-50.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the relationship among body image, body satisfaction,
and self-image in 164 undergraduate women (aged 18-50 years). Subjects completed
a body image silhouette scale, verbal checklist, and body cathexis scale
(child, adolescent, and current status); reported on their body size (child,
adolescent, and current); and reported their mothers' current body size.
Findings indicate that body image was not related to body satisfaction,
but it was related to self-image. Subjects who perceived themselves as thin
had the highest self-image scores. Findings suggest that young women have
a tendency to view thinness, rather than average weight, as a goal to reach.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Self-image
Prieto, A. G., & Robbins, M. C. (1975). Perceptions of height
and self-esteem. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 40(2), 395-398.
ABSTRACT: The study administered a battery of test protocols designed to
estimate own and peer's height on a 5-point Likert scale among 69 male (12-15
years old). Although no relationship was found between the actual height
of subjects and their self-esteem, positive and significant relationships
were found between their own, peers' and teacher's perceptions of their
height and self-esteem.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem
Prudhomme, C. (1990). The indigenous psychologies of body weight
for three American cultures: Anglo-American and Mexican-American. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.
ABSTRACT: The study compared 238 Anglo-Americans (N=91), African-American
(N=70), and Mexican-American (N=77) in their implicit beliefs about male
and female figures (exemplars) that differed in body weight (fat male, fat
female, thin male and thin female). Each subject responded to a six-part
questionnaire, administered in a group setting. Subjects wrote a description
of each of the four examplers; rated on the strength of specific psychological
needs; indicated which exempler was most similar to themselves; selected
the figure that represented their ideal weight; and indicated whether or
not they were satisfied or dissatisfied with their current weight. Results
revealed that subjects in the three ethnic groups differed in their descriptions
of the four exemplars, especially in the use of psychosocial and physical
characteristics. Subjects also differed in their ratings of psychological
needs for the four exemplars. There were no differences evident between
male and female subjects on the characteristics or needs, although men and
women within ethnic groups frequently differed from each other. Ethnic differences
were found for four of the six weight-related terms: ideal, masculine, feminine,
and fat.
KEYWORDS: Body weight
Rasmussen, S. A. (1995). A comparison of body esteem and body
image among Black, Hispanic, Asian, and White American women. Unpublished
master's thesis, California State University, Stanislaus.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Body schema
Reynolds, J. A. (1982). A correlation study of self-body cathexis
of obese women and their attitudes toward physical activity. Unpublished
master's thesis, Oregon State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Obesity; Body cathexis
Rodin, J., Silberstein, L., & Striegel-Moore, R. (1984). Women
and weight: A normative discontent. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation,
32, 267-307.
Cultural norms and female sex-role stereotypes and attitudes provide a context
for understanding women's preoccupation with thinness and their pursuit
of beauty. In examining biological aspects of weight reduction, it is suggested
that the contemporary beauty ideal of "thinness equals attractiveness"
prescribes a body weight that is unrealistically low due to developmental
milestones that tend to increase fat (e.g. puberty, pregnancy, menopause)
and women's metabolic systems. It is argued that women's preoccupation with
their appearance comes out of shame and social pressure and leads to psychological
consequences such as decreased self-esteem, distorted body image and feelings
of helplessness and frustration in response to unsuccessful dieting efforts.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem
Rogers, E. L. (1983). Women's apparel relative to self-concept
and appropriateness to profession. Dissertation Abstract International,
43(09), 2908A, Texas Woman's University.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the apparel of employed professional women
relative to self and ideal self-concept, and perceptions of appropriateness
to selected professions. The sample consisted of 140 women who resided within
Dallas Metroplex. Results revealed no significant relationships between
the socio-economic status or educational attainment and self and ideal self-concepts
of the sample.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Self-concept
Salmansohn, K. (1995, October 01). Self-image: The body thing. New
Women, 25, 128.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-image
Saltzer, E. B. (1982). The weight locus of control (WLOC) scale:
A specific measure for obesity research. Journal of Personality Assessment,
46(6), 620-628.
ABSTRACT: The 4-item Weight Locus of Control (WLOC) scale was developed
for prediction of behaviors in relation to weight reduction. The test-retest
reliability of the WLOC was established in testing with 110 undergraduates,
and the discriminate validity of the scale was determined in contrast to
Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and the 10-item version
of the Health Locus of Control Scale. In study 1, the predicted relative
importance of personal attitudes toward losing weight and of social pressures
for weight loss in determining intentions toward losing weight was achieved
for WLOC internals and externals (116 undergraduates) who valued health
and/or physical appearance highly. In study 2, a total of 115 women (15-68
years) beginning a weight control program who were categorized as internal
on the WLOC scale were more likely complete the program than WLOC externals.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Obesity
Sanders, A. U. (1989). The effect of fear of weight gain imagery
on real and ideal body image assessment. Unpublished master's thesis,
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Eating disorders; Ideal body
Schettler, P. J. (1984). A conceptual systems study of self-esteem.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 44(11), 3511B, The Catholic University
of America.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study is to contribute to the understanding
of self-esteem by testing several hypotheses about alternative sources of
standards from which individuals may derive criteria used in judging self-worth,
and about the relationship of self-esteem, degree of articulation of long-range
goals, and the general motivational orientation to one's activity in terms
of either intrinsic or extrinsic factors. A total of 173 subjects (18 to
52 years) completed a self-report, 98-item questionnaire developed for this
study. The study shows that a cognitive approach to the study of self-esteem
can shed light on the alternative bases of feelings of self-worth, and that
understanding of the various sources of standards used for self-evaluation
may help to explain individual differences in self-esteem as well as differences
in motivational orientation.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem
Secord, P. F. (1953). The appraisal of body-cathexis: Body cathexis
and the self. American Psychological Association.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body-cathexis
Sena, R. E. (1992). The development of body weight and shape preferences
and dieting. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the development of body weight and shape
preferences and dieting, children's concepts of attractiveness, body image,
knowledge of dieting, and self-reported dieting behavior. The study was
comprised of three tasks: silhouette questions and attractiveness judgments,
knowledge of dieting, and self-report of weight loss and weight gain. Results
showed that the majority of children express body dissatisfaction by five
years of age. The nature of body dissatisfaction, however, seems to change
with age. Children reported attempts at weight loss more than weight gain.
Girls were more likely to report attempts at weight loss than were boys.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Dieting
Shim, S., Kotsiopulos, A., & Shapurian, R. (1990). Body cathexis
of adult men and women: Effects of age and number of children. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 70(3), 880.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Shim, S., & Kotsiopulos, A. (1990). Women's physical size, body
cathexis, and shopping for apparel. Perceptual and Motor Skills,
71(3, Pt 1), 1031-1042.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated differences in body-cathexis (BCX), satisfaction
with apparel shopping, and shopping orientation among 482 petite, average,
and tall/larger sized women (aged 25-54 yrs). Results show that subjects
differed in (1) total BCX and BCX on 5 body parts (height, facial features,
face, leg length, and arms); (2) satisfaction with the apparel shopping
attributes of size range and available, number of stores, and general fit
of clothing; and (3) the shopping orientations of confident shopper and
catalog shopper.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body cathexis
Shim, S., Kotsiopulos, A., & Knoll, D. S. (1990). Short, average
height, tall, and big men: Body cathexis, clothing and retail satisfactions,
and clothing behavior. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70(1), 83-96.
ABSTRACT: A total of 269 short, average height, tall, and big men were surveyed
using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Results showed mean differences
in body cathexis and in satisfactions and dissatisfactions with clothing
retail attributes, but not in clothing behavior.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body cathexis; Clothing behavior
Shim, S., Kotsiopulos, A., & Knoll, D. S. (1991). Body cathexis,
clothing attitude, and their relations to clothing and shopping behavior
among male consumers. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 9(3),
35-44.
ABSTRACT: The behavior of male apparel consumers based on the interaction
between body cathexis and clothing attitude was studied on 269 men from
national random sample to examine the differences in clothing behavior,
shopping behavior, and individual characteristics. Subjects were divided
into four groups. Analyses reveal that the four groups differed in clothing
behavior (e.g. fashion innovativeness, self-confidence in clothing), shopping
behavior (e.g. store patronage, shopping interest), and individual characteristics
(e.g. sport activity, annual wardrobe expenditure). Results suggest that
body dissatisfaction may not be necessarily correlated with clothing attitude
in one direction.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body cathexis; Clothing attitude; Shopping behavior
Shochat, E. (1970). A study of the relationship between specified
personality traits and body-cathexis of male participants and non-participants
in high school athletics. Dissertation Abstracts International, 31(05),
2079A, University of Massachusetts.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body image
Shontz, F. C. (1964). Body-part size judgment. .
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Skuse, D. (1987). The psychological consequences of being small.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 28(5),
641-650.
ABSTRACT: The study asserts that since body shape and size of children are
determinants of perceived age, adults' caregiving responses, and sense of
self-worth and personal identity, children with retarded growth often experience
emotional, social, psychological, and learning difficulties. The Turner
syndrome often presents with short stature associated with cognitive and
neuropsychological deficits, leading to withdrawal and immaturity. It is
concluded that well-adjusted children of small stature have families who
foster a sense of well-adjusted children of small stature have families
who foster a sense of competence and self-reliance.
KEYWORDS: Body shape
Slade, P. D., Dewey, M. E., & Newton, T. (1990). Development
and preliminary validation of the body satisfaction scale (BSS). Psychology
and Health, 4(3), 213-220.
ABSTRACT: The study developed a simple paper-and-pencil test designed to
measure satisfaction/dissatisfaction with sixteen body parts. The factorial
structure of the scale and the three summative scales (head parts and body
parts dissatisfaction) are described in the study. Internal consistency
of the scales was found to be acceptable.
KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction
Smith, C. I. (1990). Causal attribution, self-efficacy, and body
image as perceived and described by obese and over weight persons. Unpublished
master's thesis, University of South Carolina.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Obesity
Snyder, A. E. (1975). Sensuous clothing in relation to self-esteem
and body satisfaction. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body satisfaction
Srebnik, D. S., & Saltzberg, E. A. (1994). Feminist cognitive-behavioral
therapy for negative body image. Women and Therapy, 15(2), 117.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Feminist; Body image
Theodorakis, Y., Doganis, G., & Bagiatis, K. (1991). Age differences
and structural validity for the Greek version of the body cathexis scale.
Psychological Reports, 68(1), 43-49.
ABSTRACT: The study recruited 152 women, aged 18-45, who participated in
a physical fitness to complete the Greek version of the Body Cathexis Scale.
Factor analysis revealed six factors that explained 52.5 percent of the
total variance: (a) Physical Fitness, (b) Total Appearance, (c) Health and
Skills, (d) Face, (e) Ears and Chin, and (f)Extremities. The study concluded
that age group was not associated with overall body satisfaction.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Thomas, C. D., & Freeman, R. J. (1990). The body esteem scale:
Construct validity of the female subscales. Journal of Personality Assessment,
54(1-2), 204-212.
ABSTRACT: A study of 200 women from a university community who completed
the Self Body Esteem Scale (BES), the Eating Disorder Inventory, the Self-Consciousness
Scales, the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, a figure rating task, a body size
estimation procedure, and items concerning weight satisfaction and attractiveness.
KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Body image; Self-esteem; Construct validity
Thompson, J. K., & Connelly, J. J. (1988). Experimenter gender
and size estimation accuracy. International Journal of Eating Disorders,
7(5), 723-725.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the possibility that experimenter gender may
have an affect on female body size estimations, by assigning 64 female subjects
to a male or female experimenter and asking them to estimate body widths
for the waists, hips, and thighs. Experimenter gender had no effect on levels
of size-estimation accuracy.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Thompson, J. K., & Tantleff, S. (1992). Female and male ratings
of upper torso: Actual, ideal, and stereotypical conceptions. Journal
of Social Behavior and Personality, 7(2), 345-354.
ABSTRACT: Using a measure of body image consisting of schematic figures
of males and females differing only in chest/breast (CB) size, 73 female
and 57 male undergraduates estimated their own CB size, selected their ideal
conception of CB, and rated the size they thought reflected the average
male's and female's preference for CB. Subjects also made ratings based
on the size that they thought best characterized descriptors of the figures.
Results indicated that men's conception of an ideal breast was larger than
women's conception. Positive descriptor were consistently associated with
larger size ratings.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Thurston, J. L., Lennon, S. J., & Clayton, R. V. (1990). Influence
of age, body type, fashion, and garment type on women's professional image.
Home Economics Research Journal, 19(2), 139.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body type
Trexler, S. L. (1992). The effects of appearance altering breast
augmentation surgery on the self-esteem and body image of women. University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Tucker, L. A. (1981). Internal structure, factor satisfaction, and
reliability of the body cathexis scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills,
53(3), 891-896.
ABSTRACT: The study administered the Body-Cathexis Scale on a pre- and post-test
basis to 83 college males. The study found that test-pretest reliability
coefficient was .87, suggesting that the Body-Cathexis Scale is stable over
the time. Results revealed independent factors, such as Health and Physical
Fitness, Face and Overall Appearance, Subordinate and Independent Body Features,
and Physique and Muscular Strength. Analysis of the relative satisfaction
reported for each axis indicated significant differences among the factors.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Waddell-Kral, L., & Thomas, C. D. (1990). Body attitudes and
eating behaviors of female clothing sales personnel. Psychological Reports,
67(2), 451-456.
ABSTRACT: A study to test a hypothesis that women who worked in settings
that emphasized physical appearance would have more disturbed body attitudes
and eating behaviors than college women. The study found that sales personnel,
who perceived their appearances to be of greater importance in their work,
were more concern about dieting and weight, as reflected on the Drive for
Thinness subscale of the EDI. The overall results indicate that women who
work in fashion clothing sales do not appear to be at increased risk for
disturbances in body attitudes or eating behavior.
KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Body image; Body attitudes; Eating behaviors
Wahwassuck, J. E. (1991). Physical self-acceptance in the spinal
cord injured adult. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Missouri,
Kansas City.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Walker, J. Y. (1991). Interpersonal adjustment in childhood-onset
versus adulthood-onset obese women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Vanderbilt University.
ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship between the age of onset
of obesity and the level of interpersonal adjustment among 65 obese women
who were enrolled in the Optifast weight loss and treatment program. The
mean of subjects was 42.31 years and the mean reported age of onset of obesity
was 16.46 years. Results did not support the hypothesis that the age of
onset of obesity was not significantly correlated with the level of interpersonal
adjustment among the women in this study. Post hoc analyses revealed that
the highest body mass index (BMI) attained by subjects was correlated with
their level of interpersonal adjustment. This result suggests obese subjects
are at risk of experiencing significant psychological problems, regardless
of the etiology of their condition. The results were discussed in terms
of Seeman's models of personality integration (1983) and positive health
(1989).
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Interpersonal adjustment
Ward, T. E., & McKeown, B. C. (1987). Association of body cathexis
and morphological variables on college-aged females in an exercise setting.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64(1), 179-190.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the association and predictability between
body cathexis and morphology in 41 college females who were experiencing
either obesity or anorexia nervosa. The morphological evaluation included
six skinfold measurements, eight muscle circumferences, and six skeletal
diameters. Results show that morphological variables and body cathexis scores
had little predictive value or association with each other.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis
Wardell, B. C. (1990). Empirical, theoretical, and methodological
analysis of the body esteem scale. Unpublished master's thesis, University
of Houston.
ABSTRACT: The Body Esteem Scale (BES) was developed to determine the aspects
of human bodies adults use to make attractiveness judgments. The study examined
the methodological, theoretical, and empirical issues extant in the BES.
Gender differences in the physical attractiveness of the face and of the
body were examined.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body esteem scale
Warner, B. L. (1981). A study of the impact of menarche on self-esteem,
level of anxiety, body image, and psychological masculinity and femininity
in young adolescent girls. Boston University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem
Warren, S. A. (1986). An assessment of body image and self-esteem
among middle-aged women. Unpublished master's thesis, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Weinhardt, J. (1982). A descriptive study of global body attitude
and relative body weight. Unpublished master's thesis, Kent State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Obesity
Weitz, B. V. (1991). Women's satisfaction with body image and
its relationship to self-esteem. Unpublished master's thesis, University
of Nebraska, Omaha.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Wendel, G., & Lester, D. (1988). Body cathexis and self-esteem.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 67(2), 538.
A factor analysis of correlations based on the responses of 32 male and
27 female undergraduates to a self-esteem scale and a body-cathexis scale
(P.F. Secord and S.M. Jourard, 1953) found that the associations of self-esteem
and body cathexis were different for males and females and were observed
for a limited number of factors.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body cathexis
Werner, R. M. (1988). Measurement of self-esteem in normal weight
and overweight/obese adult females. Unpublished master's thesis, University
of Kansas.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem
Williamson, D. A., Gleaves, D. H., Watkins, P. C., & Schlundt, D.
G. (1993). Validation of self-ideal body size discrepancy as a measure
of body dissatisfaction. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,
15(1), 57-68.
ABSTRACT: The study administered the Body Image Assessment, the Body Image
Testing System, and the Body Image Detection Device to 18 women (mean aged
26 yrs) with bulimia nervosa, 34 obese women, and 58 noneating disordered
women. Measures of self-ideal body size discrepancy correlated more highly
with measures of body dissatisfaction than measures of current body size
perception, ideal body size, body size estimation accuracy, or indices based
on actual body size. Estimation of both current and ideal body size significantly
predicted overall body dissatisfaction; thus, both self and ideal body size
measures were significant components in determining body size dissatisfaction.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Wolf, K. P. (1992). The relationship between body cathexis, locus
of control, and purpose in life of middle aged women. Dissertation Abstracts
International, 53(05), 2558B, United States International University.
ABSTRACT: The study sought to determine whether women in early or late middle
age perceive their bodies with satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and whether
there is a difference between the perceptions of women in their forties
versus those in their fifties. No significant differences were identified
between groups on body cathexis or locus-of-control using MANOVA, whereas
purpose in life was significantly different. Differences were identified
between groups on strengths of correlation of body cathexis and locus-of-control,
and body cathexis and purpose in life using correlation analysis with the
Pearson.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Locus of control
Wolf, M. S. (1995). The relationship between feminist identification
and body satisfaction in university women. Unpublished master's thesis,
University of Cincinnati.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction
Wright, E. J., & Whitehead, T. L. (1987). Perceptions of body
size and obesity: A selected review of the literature. Journal of Community
Health, 12(2,3), 117-129.
ABSTRACT: This review focuses on the association between perceived and objective
weight. When comparing actual norms for 1959 with those of 1979, it appears
that the average weight for women under 30 was consistently several pounds
heavier in 1979 than their 1959 counterparts. Findings show that body size
is an important factor in the self-concept of obese persons and body image
disturbance is characteristic of the severely overweight.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Body weight; Obesity
Young, S. M. (1992). Sex-role ideology and body esteem among women.
Unpublished master's thesis, Ball State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction; Self-esteem; Sex-role
Zohn, P. G. (1992). Body size estimation accuracy among normal
college females using two variations of the method of limits. Unpublished
master's thesis, Humboldt State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size