BODY IMAGE
Body image results from attaching cultural vocabulary to physical features.
Much of the body image literature includes body esteem correlates of body
image analyses.
Abell, S. C. (1988). The relationship between body image and self-esteem
among undergraduates. Unpublished master's thesis, Loyola University
of Chicago.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Self-perception
Altabe, M., & Thompson, J. K. (1993). Body image changes during
early adulthood. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13(3),
323-328.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Anderson, J. (1979). The thinking woman beauty book. New York:
Avon.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Health and hygiene; Beauty-personal
Anderson, M. (1992). Correlates of body image in university women.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception; Puberty
Anonymous. (1972). Different shapes. (Filmstrip and Cassette
recording). Chicago: Society for Visual Education.
ABSTRACT: The presentation was designed to help develop a better understanding
of the relationship between size and ability and the importance of a good
self-concept.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception
Anonymous. (1978). Size 10. (Videotape). Iris Films.
ABSTRACT: A discussion of body image among four women on topics such as
shopping for clothes, swimming, and examining their reflections in a fun-house
mirror.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Self-perception
Anonymous. (1981). Body image and aging. (Videocassette).
Chicago: CED.
ABSTRACT: In this program, body image is characterized in terms of appearance,
function, mobility and sensory impression. Three older people, aged 68,
67, and 55 described how they felt about themselves and being older, how
they react and respond to the inevitable changes that accompany aging; sensory
inputs, individuality, and change in appearance.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Aging
Anonymous. (1985). The female gaze: Women as viewers of popular
culture. Seattle: Real Comet Press.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Women in popular culture
Anonymous. (1991). Your ideal silhouette: Body proportion style
and figure analysis. (Computer disk). Bloomington, Illinois: Meridian
Education Corp.
ABSTRACT: Title on disk label: Your ideal silhouette: personal analysis
program. Title on guide: Your ideal silhouette: body proportion analysis;
the computer program helps students learn how to accurately measure their
figures, enter data into the computer, analyze their printouts, and select
clothing styles to compliment their body proportions
KEYWORDS: Ideal body; Clothing and dress
Anonymous. (1993). Height-weight charts that work. (Videocassette).
Alexandria: PBS Video.
ABSTRACT: The presentation discusses why you should throw away the traditional
height/weight charts and learn how to use a body fat test to calculate your
ideal weight. It discusses how your body type helps you to set realistic
goals for weight loss and predict how quickly you can lose weight.
KEYWORDS: Ideal body; Stature; Body weight; Body height; Body composition;
Body type
Anonymous. (1993). Nothing to lose: Woman's body image through
time. (Videocassette). Glen Ellyn, Illinois: College of DuPage.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Feminine beauty
Anonymous. (1993, October). Quiz: What's your body image. 'Teen,
37, 56.
ABSTRACT: Find out if you are your own worst critic
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Arms, D. J. (1989). Attitudes toward physical activity and body
image between exercising and non-exercising spouses. Unpublished master's
thesis, Texas Woman's University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Physical activity
Auer, J. (1994). Body image 101. Liguorian, 82(9), 38.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Bailey, L. F. (1988). Body image and self-esteem during pregnancy.
Unpublished master's thesis, University of California.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Self-concept
Barcus, S. M. (1990). Body cathexis and the ideal female figure
of Black and White college females. Unpublished master's thesis, Ball
State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Ideal body ; Body image; Self-perception
Ben-Tovim, D. I., Walker, M. K., Murray, H., & Chin, G. (1990).
Body size estimates: Body image or body attitude measures. International
Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(1), 57-67.
ABSTRACT: Estimates of body width and depth did not correlate significantly
with the measured sizes of the body parts. Body estimates, untransformed
by real sizes, were found to be closely related to certain attitudes towards
the body, especially to feelings that the body was too fat and a source
of stigma. Estimates were also significantly influenced by the posture adopted
during the measuring process.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body measurements; Self-esteem; Body image
Ben-Tovim, D. I., & Walker, M. K. (1995). Body image, disfigurement
and disability. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39(3), 283.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Bender, P. R. (1972). The estimate of body dimensions battery:
An objective assessment of perceived body size. Unpublished master's
thesis, McGill University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body dimension
Bennet, K. (1991). Adult body image. Nottingham: Department
of Adult Education, University of Nottingham.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Berk, B. (1993). Body image and pregnancy: Bridging the mind-body
connection, a guide for a health care professionals. Journal of Perinatology:
Official Journal of The California Perinatal Association, 13(4), 300-304.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image; Pregnancy
Bond, S., & Cash, T. F. (1992). Black beauty: Skin color and
body images among African-American college women. Journal of Applied
Socio-Psychology, 22(11), 874-888.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the role of color as it pertained to various
body image measures among 66 light, medium, and dark-skinned Black college
females (aged 18-37 yrs). Those who desired a different skin tone favored
being lighter more than being darker. Black females and medium-toned Black
females held personal ideals that were significantly lighter than their
self-perceived color. The majority of subjects believed that Black men found
light skin most attractive.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Skin anatomy; Social-perception; Self-perception
Brodie, D. A., Slade, P. D., & Rose, H. (1989). Reliability measures
in distorting body image. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69(3, Pt 1),
723-732.
ABSTRACT: Using the distorting mirror (DM) and the distorting video camera
(DV) with 29 healthy, normal-weight women indicates that perceived body-image
is consistently overestimated and ideal body-image is consistently underestimated
by both techniques.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image
Brodie, D. A., Slade, P. D., & Riley, V. J. (1991). Sex differences
in body image perceptions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72(1), 73-74.
ABSTRACT: Sex differences in the estimation of body image in 30 male and
30 female healthy university students were examined using a distorting mirror.
Results suggest that men and women show similar characteristics in body-image
perception, and that subjects without any form of eating disorder or psychological
instability overestimate body size to a certain extent.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Brousil, P. A. (1976). The relationship of body build, ideal body
image, and clothing conformity. University of Maryland, College Park,
Maryland.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Ideal body; Body image; Clothing and dress; Body build
Carr-Nangle, R. E., Johnson, W. G., Bergeron, K. C., & Nangle, D.
W. (1994). Body image changes over the menstrual cycle in normal women.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(3), 267-273.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated changes in body image across the menstrual
cycle and the relationship between these changes and menstrual distress
to identify determinants of body dissatisfaction. The subjects include 26
normally cycling women, aged 22-39 yrs, with 90-115% of ideal body weight
and no history of eating disorder, completed a series of body image measures
and a measure of menstrual distress during 3 menstrual cycle phases. Findings
suggest that menstrual cycle changes play a significant role in body image.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body weight
Cash, T. F. (1985). Your body image. (Cassette Recording).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Cash, T. F. (1990). Body images: Development, deviance, and change.
New York: Guilford Press.
ABSTRACT: The book reviews and elucidates diverse concepts of body image,
body-image development, psychosocially dysfunctional deviations from normal
appearance, and methods of facilitating body-image change.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Physical appearance; Plastic surgery
Cash, T. F. (1994). Body image and weight changes in a multisite
comprehensive very-low-calorie diet program. Behavior Therapy, 25(2),
239.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Cash, T. F., & Henry, P. E. (1995). Women's body images: The
results of a national survey in the USA. Sex Roles, 33(1-2), 19-28.
ABSTRACT: Body image of 803 women (aged 18-70 yrs) in the US was examined
using selected subscales from the standardized Multidimensional Body-Self
Relations Questionnaire, designed by T.F. Cash (1985). Results indicate
substantial levels of body dissatisfaction, possibly surpassing levels observed
in the 1985 survey. The majority subjects indicated having negative evaluations
of their appearance and a preoccupation with being or becoming overweight.
Compared to age, race/ethnicity appeared significantly influencing positive
body image to African-American than to Anglo or Hispanic women.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body satisfaction
Chesters, L. (1994). Women's talk: Food, weight and body image.
Special feature: Doing it by degrees: Feminist undergraduate dissertation.
Feminism and Psychology, 4(3), 449-457.
ABSTRACT: The study analyzed the discourses of 10 female British college
students with or without anorexia as they discussed food, weight, and body
shape. The discourses of both anorexic and normal women were constructed
from images of dissatisfaction concerning their bodies. The discourse also
showed how losing weight was an attempt to gain control. Both groups also
felt that women measure themselves against one another.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image
Chrisler, J. C., & Ghiz, L. (1993). Body image issues of older
women. Women and Therapy, 14(1-2), 67.
ABSTRACT: Contends that body image concerns are not restricted to eating
disordered clients and can occur in women of any age. Physical changes that
affect body image as women age include slowing of the metabolic rate, menopause,
facial structure, use of devices, and increased health problems. Feminist
therapists can be aware of their own attitudes toward aging, encourage clients
to celebrate aging and share research findings (i.e. good effect of self-help
groups, dance therapy, and regular exercise) that help work against aging
and sexist oppression.
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Coovert, D. L., Thompson, J. k., & Kinder, B. N. (1988). Interrelationships
among multiple aspects of body image and eating disturbance. International
Journal of Eating Disorders, 7(4), 495-502.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the relationship among several indices
of body size estimation and eating disturbance in college females. Findings
indicate that measures of absolute size and estimated size had stronger
correlations and eating disturbance than degree of perceptual size overestimation.
Actual size was negatively correlated with degree of overestimation, indicating
that small-sized individuals overestimate to a greater degree than large
subjects.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Eating disturbance
Counts, C. R., & Adams, H. E. (1985). Body image in bulimic,
dieting, and normal females. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral
Assessment, 7(3), 289-300.
ABSTRACT: The study examined body size estimation and overvaluation of a
thin shape in eleven bulimic females (mean age 21 years), twelve females
having been obese as adults who later lost weight (mean age 22.25 years),
and twelve females with no history of obesity who were dieting (mean age
20.33 years), and twelve females with no history of obesity as adults and
not currently dieting (mean 22.10 years). Each subject was presented a set
of seven silhouettes, one having been drawn from the subject's actual photograph
and the remaining silhouettes representing 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% increases
and decreases in the size of certain body areas of the original figure.
Results suggest that a history of childhood obesity influences significantly
body size overestimation. As the three groups currently dieting appeared
equally dissatisfied with their shape, the study was not able to confirm
the hypothesis that bulimics would appear more dissatisfied with their body
image.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Bulimia; Dieting
Craig, C. C. (1970). The relationship between self-concept, sociometric
status, and body weight in college women. Unpublished master's thesis,
Texas Woman's University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body weight; Self-evaluation
Cremer, A. G. (1970). Relationships between body size estimates,
body image boundaries, and health practices in preadolescents. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body size
Czerwinski, B. S. (1993). Relationship between feminine hygiene
practices, body image and self-esteem. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Texas Woman's University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Darnell, E. A. (1989). In pursuit of the illusory ideal body.
Unpublished master's thesis, Antioch University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Ideal body; Body image; Movement education
Davis, C. (1992). Body image, dieting behaviors, and personality
factors: A study of high-performance female. International Journal of
Sport Psychology, 23(3), 179-192.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the role of personality factors and body
image in the weight preoccupation among 99 high-performance female athletes
(aged 13-30 yrs) and 111 nonathlete controls (aged 18-30 yrs), using a self-report
survey that indicated a measure of subjective body size. Results show that
subjective body size was strongly related to weight and diet concerns. Comparisons
with nonathletes indicated a greater number of athletes who were underweight
wanted to lose weight and were frequently dieting.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Davis, C., Brewer, H., & Weinstein, M. (1993). A study of appearance
in young men. Social Behavior and Personality, 21(1), 63-74.
ABSTRACT: A study of how and why men are becoming more concerned about matters
of physical appearance and are reporting a greater degree of negative body
image than in previous generations. The study uses a battery of psychological
tests measuring appearance anxiety (AAX), situational trait anxiety, body
esteem, and body dissatisfaction. The study indicates that AAX was used
to predict self-reported distress during a body composition valuation.
KEYWORDS: Body-esteem; Physical appearance; Body image
Dowdney, L., Woodward, L., Pickles, A., & Skuse, D. (1995). The
body image perception and attitude scale for children: Reliability in growth
retarded and community comparison subjects. International Journal of
Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5(1), 29-40.
ABSTRACT: The study examined issues relating to the Body Perception Scale
(BPS) for 16 children with chronic nonorganic growth retardation (case sample/CAS),
ages ranged from 10 and 11 years, together with, 16 age-matched normal comparisons
(community sample/COS). The COS's choice of their perceived height and perceived
body shape ranged across the scales. The CAS's choice of perceived height
was biased towards the lower end of the scale, but their range of shape
choices was greater than COS's choice. The salience of any given size measure
is likely to be one of the factors that will influence precision of children's
choice.
KEYWORDS: Body shape
Drake, S. K. (1994). Perceived influence of significant others
on body shape of female and male college students. Unpublished master's
thesis, Eastern Illinois University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Drewnowski, A., Yee, D. (1987). Men and body image: are men satisfied
with their body weight? Psychosomatic medicine, 49(6), 626-634.
ABSTRACT: Examined the desire for thinness or weight gain among 226 male
and female freshmen students. Most women(85%) wished to lose weight. Men
expressed conflicting views regarding desire for thinness and were almost
evenly split between those who wanted to lose weight (40%) and those who
wished to gain weight (45%). The proportion of men and women who expressed
no desire for weight change was comparable. Men and women who wished to
lose weight share negative body perceptions: both groups viewed themselves
as overweight, and both expressed dissatisfaction with body shape. However,
men used exercise for weight control while women resorted to calorie diets.
It is suggested that key risk factor for eating disorders may be dieting
itself.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Weight satisfaction
Duncan, M. C. (1994). The politics of women's body images and practices:
Foucault, the panopticon, and shape magazine. Journal of sport and social
issues, 18(1), 48.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Dworkin, S. H. (1984). A comparison of interventions for women
experiencing body image problems. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
The study investigated the effects of three counseling interventions on
women's body image and self-concept. Women experiencing body image problems
(N=79) completed Secord and Jourard's (1953) Body-Cathexis and Self-Cathexis
Scales and were classified into either moderate or severe body image disturbance
groups. Results show that cognitive therapy techniques were most effective
for body image, and cognitive behavior therapy techniques were most effective
for self-concept. Participants in both classifications improved significantly
on body image.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body cathexis
Eade, R. L. (1995). Body image, self-concept, and the aging process.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception; Aging
Eckhouse, R. E. (1994). The development of positive, realistic
body image in college age women: A project based upon an independent investigation.
Unpublished master's thesis, Smith College School for Social Work.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Epstein, S. J. (1965). A critique of the body boundary hypothesis
as related to apparent body-part size perception. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Kansas.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size
Erickson, M. K. (1985). Clothing behavior of working women related
to self-image/clothing-image congruity and achievement motivation. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-image; Clothing and dress
Evans, C., & Dolan, B. (1993). Body shape questionnaire: Derivation
of shortened alternate forms. The International Journal of Eating Disorders,
13(3), 315-322.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body
Fallon, A. E., & Rozin, P. (1985). Sex differences in perceptions
of desirable body shape. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94(1), 102-105.
ABSTRACT: The study administered 248 male and 227 female undergraduates
to indicate their current figure, their ideal figure, the figure that they
felt would be most attractive to the opposite sex, and the opposite sex
figure to which they would be most attracted, using a set of 9 figure drawings
arranged from very thin to very heavy figures. Results indicate that both
men and women erred in estimating what the opposite sex would find attractive.
Results suggest that men's perceptions serve to keep them satisfied with
their figures, whereas women's perceptions place pressure on them to lose
weight.
KEYWORDS: Body shape
Fallon, A. E. (1994). Body image and the regulation of weight.
Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: body size
Fenning-Naisberg, S., Fenning, S., & Ganel, A. (1993). Body image
of achondroplastic children before and after leg elongation. Israel Journal
of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 30(1), 33-39.
ABSTRACT: The study examined body image disturbance in six achondroplastic
children (aged 9-16 yrs) before and after surgical leg elongation, and another
six achondroplastic who had undergone the same procedure 3-6 yrs earlier.
These groups were compared with twelve healthy control children. Subjects
completed the Draw-a-Person Test and the Body Cathexis Test. Gross disturbance
of body image was substantially improved after the procedure. However, a
difference in body image still existed between the control-normal group
and achondroplastic adolescents.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Body cathexis
Fernandez, F., Probst, M., Meermann, R., & Vandereycken, W. (1994).
Body size estimation and body dissatisfaction in eating disorder patients
and normal controls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(3),
307-310.
ABSTRACT: The study was aimed to test the accuracy of body size estimation
and to assess the ideal body image. Using the 20-item Body Attitudes Test
and the video distortion technique to compare 41 eating disorder patients
(aged 17-27 yrs) and 34 female controls (aged 19-24 yrs), the study found
no difference in the estimation of actual body sizes. However, there were
significant differences in the ideal body image between bulimics and anorexics.
Findings also suggest that a distorted body size estimation was not a distinctive
trait in these eating disorder patients.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Fischer, D. J. (1987). The relationship of body size distortion
to percentage ideal body weight, negative self-schemata, scaling deviation
and rigidity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Long Island University,
Brooklyn.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the relationship between degree of Body
Size Distortion and Percentage Ideal Body Weight, Negative Self-schemata,
Scaling Deviations (standard believed to represent normal weight) and Rigidity.
Subjects were 79 adult men with percentages of ideal body weight ranging
from 86 to 177 percent. Results indicate that a significant positive relationship
between Body Size Distortion and Scaling Deviation and Percentage of Ideal
Body Weight. Body Size Distorters have an unusual standard to represent
normal weight, one that is larger than that of nondistorters and a self-schemata
which is not especially negative.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body weight; Obesity
Fisher, S. (1986). Development and structure of the body image.
Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Fleming, J. C. (1968). Body image boundaries and clothing preferences
of young women with physical disabilities. Utah State University, Logan.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Clothing and dress
Florin, G. (1985). Achieving the illusion of your ideal silhouette:
Your personalized wardrobe planner. Akron, Ohio: Your Image.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Clothing and dress
Florin, G. (1991). Your ideal silhouette: Body proportion analysis.
(Computer disks). Bloomington, Illinois: Meridian Education Corporation.
ABSTRACT: Subtitle on disk label: Personal figure analysis program. Subtitle
on guide: Body proportion analysis; teaches the principles of classic dressing
following the limitations of a student's individual body proportions; instruction
on taking accurate body measurements.
KEYWORDS: Ideal body; Clothing and dress
Florin, G. (1991). Suit yourself: Your best-dressed image wardrobe
planner. Bloomington, Illinois: Meridian Education.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Ideal body; Body image; Clothing and dress
Frankel, V. (1994, January). Body image: To thine own size be true.
Mademoiselle, 100, 54.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Freeman, D. (1994). Investigation of the concept of a perfect
body for the female dancer. Unpublished master's thesis, UCLA.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Frommelt, S. J. (1992). Body image distortion in normal college
women and its relation to gender role, public self-consciousness and body
esteem. Unpublished master's thesis, Marquette University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception
Furnham, A., Titman, P., & Sleeman, E. (1994). Perception of
female body shapes as a function of exercise. Journal of Social Behavior
and Personality, 9(2), 335-352.
ABSTRACT: The effect of exercise on women's perceptions of body shapes and
their own body image satisfaction were examined by comparing four groups
of 15 women (mean age 22.96 yrs): female bodybuilders, rowers, netballers
(British version of basketball), and a sedentary control group. The subjects
rated nine detailed anatomical pictures on a series of semantic differential
scales, based on the Repertory Grid Technique. Results indicate that women
who exercise possess more positive perceptions of their own bodies and increased
acceptance of muscular body shapes, despite divergence from cultural ideals.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body shape
Galgan, R. J., & Mable, H. M. (1986). Body satisfaction in college
women: A survey of facial and body size components. College Student Journal,
20(3), 326-328.
ABSTRACT: Subject group of 75 college women were asked to rate their degree
of satisfaction with five facial and five body size components on a scale
ranging from 1 (wish to change) to 5 (feel for fortunate), as well as to
indicate their height, weight, build, and perception of the percentage overweight
or underweight of their bodies. Subjects were significantly less satisfied
with their body size than with their facial features and believed themselves
to be approximately 15% fatter than they actually were.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body satisfaction
Gardner, R. M., Morrell, J. A., Watson, D. N., & Sandoval, S.
(1989). Subjective equality and just noticeable differences in body size
judgments by obese persons. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69(2), 595-604.
ABSTRACT: Body size perceptions of 40 obese people was compared to normal
weight volunteers using two procedures with a television video methodology.
In the continuous methods, a television image was presented as either too
wide or narrow and subjects were asked to adjust the image to the actual
size. The method of constants stimuli helped determine values corresponding
to the point of subjective equality and difference threshold. Either method
appears appropriate for investigating body image, although the continuous
methods offer the advantage of fewer trials. No significant differences
were found in either method between obese and normal weight subjects' judgments.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Gendebien, M. L., & Smith, M. O. (1992). Field dependence and
perceptual, cognitive, and affective measures of body image in asymptomatic
college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(8),
937-943.
ABSTRACT: The relationship of field dependence/independence (FD/FI) and
gender to perceptual, cognitive, and affective measures of body image distortion
(BID) was investigated in 69 undergraduates. Results suggest that men generally
possess a flattering body image and women an unflattering one. FD men judged
the upper torso to be smaller, and FD, and to a lesser extent FI, women
judged the lower torso to be larger than normal.
KEYWORDS: Body size
George, A. A. (1989). Body size estimation in college students:
Correlation of misestimation. Unpublished master's thesis, Auburn University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception
Gideon, T. M. (1979). Perception of body image persons after total
hip replacement. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Arizona.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Artificial hip joints
Gill, M. (1989). Image of the body: Aspects of the nude. (1st
ed.). New York: Doubleday.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Aesthetics; Nude in art
Gorchynski, S. A. (1990). Body weight and perception of the weight
of others. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image
Gupta, M. A., Schork, N. J., & Dhaliwal, J. S. (1993). Stature,
drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction: A study of males and females
from a non clinical sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 38(1),
59-61.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the relationship between height and body image
parameters related to dieting, body weight, and shape among 174 Subjects.
Data show an inverse correlation among the males but not among females between
body stature and body image parameters related to dieting, body weight,
and shape.
KEYWORDS: Body height; Body image; Body weight
Gurney, V. W. (1994). Body image and eating disturbance in distinct
groups of female exercisers. Unpublished master's thesis, Ohio University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Eating disorders
Guy, J. W. (1988). Body image among college women: A comparison
of measures. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Mississippi.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Guy, J. W. (1992). Body image: Effecting change. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, University of Mississipi.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Hallinan, C. J., F., P. E., & Evans, J. E. (1991). Perceptions
of current and ideal body shape of athletes and nonathletes. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 72(1), 123-130.
ABSTRACT: The relationship between sex and perception of body image was
examined among 58 male and 65 female athletic and 36 male and 56 female
nonathletic undergraduates, aged 17-30 years. Study participants completed
a questionnaire that asked them to identify, from a 9-figure body-silhouette
scale, their current image and the image that they thought was most ideal.
Significant differences were found for women athletes and nonathletes when
comparing current and ideal image. Results support women's dissatisfaction
with their body images and show that athletic participation is not associated
with this perception.
KEYWORDS: Body shape
Hallinan, C. J. (1993). Body shape perceptions of elderly women exercisers
and nonexercisers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(2), 451-456.
ABSTRACT: Perceptions of current and ideal body shape for 78 women (49 exercisers
and 29 nonexercisers, aged 60-88 years) were measured using a 9-figure silhouette
scale. Exercisers showed greater difference between current and ideal shape
than nonexercisers. Among the oldest subjects there was a trend toward a
diminished difference between current and ideal body shape.
KEYWORDS: Body shape
Harris, R. J. (1979). Body image change during pregnancy in Black,
White, and Cuban women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Goodwin Watson
Institute for Research and Development, Union Graduate School.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Hartley, P. (1989). Body image and self-image in anorexia nervosa.
British Review of Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa, 3(2), 61-70.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the relationship between body image and self-image
in anorexia nervosa (AN), using one male and nine female AN inpatients and
ten college student controls matched for age, sex, and educational attainment.
A comparison of body size estimates with real size measurements revealed
a significantly greater perceptual error in the AN subjects than in the
controls. A clear relationship was found between attitudes to the body,
estimates of body size, and attitudes to the self, suggesting that recovery
must include improvement in all these interrelated areas.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body cathexis; Body image
Hassan, I. N. (1967). The body image and personality correlates
of body type stereotypes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana
University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body type
Hearns, J. F., Broida, J. P., & Gayton, W. F. (1988). Accuracy
of estimations of body frame size as a function of sex and actual frame
size. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 66(1), 144-146.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the accuracy of estimation of body frame
size as a function of sex and actual frame size, using 66 men and 52 women
from a community adult fitness program. Data indicate that medium-frame
subjects were the most likely to be accurate in their estimations of body
frame size. Women were twice as likely to be accurate in their estimations
as men.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body frame size
Higbee, C. M. (1952). A study of the body image in male college
students. Unpublished master's thesis, State College of Washington.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Physical anthropology
Hoppe, C. M. (1990). Gender differences in body image and its
effect on self-esteem and lifestyle wellness. (Undergraduate research
papers). Albion College.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Horner, C., & Gayton, W. F. (1986). Accuracy of body frame size
estimations using the 1983 Metropolitan Height and Weight Tables. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 63(1), 26.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the accuracy with which 43 women (mean age
32 years) and 29 men (mean age 27 years) estimate their body frame-size
when using instructions from the 1983 Metropolitan Height and Weight Tables.
Results show that only seven subjects (two women, five men) understood the
tables' directions well enough to estimate their own body frame-size.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body weight
Howe, M. C. (1975). A comparison of the self-esteem, body image
and movement-concept of adults in different age groups. Boston University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem
Huddy, D. C., Nieman, D. C., & Johnson, R. L. (1993). Relationship
between body image and percent body fat among college male varsity athletes
and nonathletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(3, Pt 1), 851-857.
ABSTRACT: Three groups of male university students (15 varsity swimmers,
15 varsity football players, and 15 nonathletes) were administered a 20-item
questionnaire concerned with body image and subsequently underwent skinfold
measurements to assess percent body fat. Scores obtained were correlated
to estimate the relationship between body image and adiposity. For the 3
groups combined the relationship was significant and inverse. For the nonathletic
group a significant and inverse relationship was found; no relationship
was found for either of the 2 groups of athletes.
KEYWORDS: Body image
Hundleby, J. D., & Bourgouin, N. C. (1993). Generality in the
errors of estimation of body image. International Journal of Eating Disorders,
13(1), 85-92.
ABSTRACT: The study selected 100 female undergraduates to estimate the width
of their own bodies (head, shoulders, waist, and hips), of another person's
body (waist and hips) of four commercial packages, and of a cylinder. Results
support the notion of a broad general tendency to enhance or diminish estimation
of the width of familiar objects, including estimations of the width of
own body parts.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Hutchinson, M. G. (1990). Body image reshaping. (Cassette
Recording No. F820). Everett: Audio Productions.
ABSTRACT: The speaker discusses body image, what it is, how it develops,
how it affects people's lives, and how she works with body image.
KEYWORDS: Body image
Jackson, L. A., Sullivan, L. A., & Rostker, R. (1988). Gender,
gender role, and body image. Sex Roles, 19(7-8), 429-443.
ABSTRACT: Study subjects consisted of 60 male and 106 female undergraduates
who differed in gender roles. Participants were asked to complete a body-self
relations questionnaire and a measure of self-esteem. Results indicate that
feminine females evaluated their physical appearance less favorably than
androgynous females, although physical appearance was equally important
to both groups. The importance of the masculine component of gender role
was reflected in favorable body image ratings of androgynous and masculine
females in all domains (physical appearance, physical fitness, and physical
health) and in the unfavorable ratings of feminine males in the physical
fitness domain. Analyses indicated that self-esteem did not account for
the relationships between gender, gender role, and body image.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Gender role ; Body image
Jacobi, L., & Cash, T. F. (1994). In pursuit of the perfect appearance:
Discrepancies among self-ideal percepts of multiple physical attributes.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(5), 379-396.
ABSTRACT: The study examined self-perceived and idealized physical attributes
among 66 male and 69 female White, heterosexual college students. Physical
attributes included body size, weight, height, muscularity, hair color and
length, eye color, and female breast size. Both sexes expressed significant
self-ideal discrepancies on most attributes, whether ideals were assessed
from personal or perceived other-sex standpoints. Results also indicate
that women overestimated the extent to which men prefer women who are thin
and have muscular definitions, larger breasts, blue eyes, and long blonde
hair.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Janelli, L. M. (1986). The realities of body image. Journal of
Gerontological Nursing, 12(10), 23-27.
ABSTRACT: The study examined 25 women aged 30-49 years and 25 women aged
65-87 years to discover whether differences in body perception exist between
older and younger adult females as assessed by the Draw-a-Person test, Body-Cathexis
Scale, and a body perception interview. Results confirm the hypothesis that
older subjects possess a less positive perception of their body images.
Factors contributing to such perceptions may include cultural background,
religious beliefs, and roles and recreational activities.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body image
Janelli, L. M. (1993). Are there body image differences between older
men and women. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 15(3), 327-339.
ABSTRACT: The study explored the relationship between gender and body image
perception among 39 men (63-93 years) and 50 women (aged 60-98 years) residing
in long-term care facilities. The Body-Cathexis-Self-Cathexis Scale (BC-SE)
and Draw-A-Person technique (DAP) were used to measure body image perception.
There was no significant indication that men were more dissatisfied than
women with their body parts, as measured by the BC portion of the scale.
Women were significantly more satisfied with aspects of self as measured
by the SE portion. Results support the premise that cultural values and
gender influence how older men and women view their bodies.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body image; Elderly
Jasper, C. R., & Klassen, M. L. (1990). Stereotypical beliefs
about appearance: Implications for retailing and consumer issues. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 71(2), 519-528.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated 40 male and 40 female undergraduates' attitudes
about weight and appearance by exploring subjects' stereotypical beliefs
concerning obese people, personal consumption habits, perception of their
own body build, and desire to lose and gain weight. Subjects reported negative
beliefs about obese people, and sex differences were found in each area
measured. Women seemed to be more concerned about weight loss and gain than
men.
KEYWORDS: Body build
Jean, P. J. (1981). The effect of male presence on female self-consciousness,
body image and mood. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-consciousness
Jerome, L. (1993). Perception of body image. Canadian Journal
of Psychiatry, 38(9).
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Johnson, R. C. (1993). The influence of age and gender on the
elderly's actual and perceived body image. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Kentucky.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Johnson, D. R. (1995). Attitudinal body image in overweight, formerly
overweight, and normal weight women. Unpublished master's thesis, University
of Wisconsin, Oshkosh.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Obesity
Jordan, J. A. (1977). Self-confrontation: The effects of body
image, frequency of exposure and favorability of photographic portrait on
self-esteem. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Judisch-Berg, K. M. (1995). The relationship of body image to
body composition in women fifty and older. Unpublished master's thesis,
University of Wisconsin, La Crosse.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body compositions; Self-perceptions in women
Kao, J. (1981). Body image: A survey of the literature. Unpublished
master's thesis, Goucher College.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Dance therapy
Karhoff, N. I. (1979). Clothing-related attitudes and the body
image as perceived and expressed by business and professional women.
Ohio State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Clothing and dress
Kaufmann, B. E. (1991). The impact of "winning weights"
weight control program on perceived body image. Unpublished master's
thesis, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception; Obesity; Body weight
Kautzman, J. B. (1991). The early identification of body build
stereotypes and body image. Unpublished master's thesis, University
of South Dakota.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Somatotypes; Body build
Keeton, W. P. (1986). The multidimensional assessment of body
image among college students. Unpublished master's thesis, Western Carolina
University, Norfolk, Virginia.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Psychological aspects
Keeton, W. P., Cash, T. F., & Brown, T. A. (1990). Body image
or body images: Comparative, multidimensional assessment among college students.
Journal of Personality Assessment, 54(1-2), 213-230.
ABSTRACT: A comparison of multiple measurement methods in body image (BIM)
perceptual and attitudinal (affect and cognition) between 47 male and 78
female college students indicated the distinction between attitudinal and
perceptual modalities of BIM.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Korth-Duncan, M. (1983). Body image as a factor in weight control.
Unpublished master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, Oskosh.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Obesity; Weight control
Kovar, P. K. (1992). Differences in perception of body image between
genders in college students. Unpublished master's thesis, University
of Houston-Victoria.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-acceptance
Kreitler, S., & Kreitler, H. (1988). Body image: The dimension
of size. Genetic, Social, and Psychology Monographs, 114(1), 5-32.
ABSTRACT: The study developed a kinesthetically based body size estimation
method for investigating size estimations of ten body parts. A total of
40 male and 40 female Israeli subjects in each of three age groups (4-6,
10-12, and 28-30 years) were administered estimation of body and object,
figure drawing, and questionnaires. Results show over-estimation of body
size in all groups, decreasing regularly with age. Difference scores were
negatively correlated with body cathexis and satisfaction, bodily sophistication,
and the richness of the self-concept, and positively correlated with exercise,
field dependence, and figure drawing distortions.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Kreitler, S., & Chemerinski, A. (1990). Body image disturbance
in obesity. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(4), 409-418.
ABSTRACT: The study tested the hypotheses that (1) distorted size estimations
are a characteristic body image (BI) disturbance in the obese, (2) that
the BI is on a developmentally lower level than in controls, (3) that in
the obese there would be less differentiation between kinesthetically and
graphically expressed BI and between BI and personality variables. The obese
subjects indicated that their body size estimations were correlated more
with the width, and their pathological signs in the drawings, Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) scales.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Krejci, J. A. (1993). A phenomenological investigation of body
image among normal weight college-age females. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of New Mexico.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Kunis, B. (1969). The influence of body image on weight loss maintenance.
Unpublished master's thesis, Northern Illinois University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Obesity
Kupfermann, J. (1981). The mistaken body. New York: St. Martin's
Press.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception
Lang, S. (1993). Shape up your body image! New Woman, XXIII
(23)(3), 68.
ABSTRACT: Learn to love your body? It is possible!
KEYWORDS: Body; Image
Lautenbacher, S., Roscher, S., Strian, F., & Pirke, K. M. (1993).
Theoretical and empirical considerations on the relation between "body
image," body scheme and somatosensation. Journal of Psychosomatic
Research, 37(5), 447-454.
ABSTRACT: The relation between body size perception (using the video distortion
technique, image marking procedure, and kinesthetic size estimation apparatus)
and somatosensation (thermal, pain, and vibration thresholds) was administered
in 41 normal-weight young German women. Subjects completed questionnaires
on eating behavior and motivation, body attitude or body satisfaction, and
depressive mood and thoughts. Neither the somatosensory nor the questionnaire
variables explained the difference between overestimators and underestimators
of body size. However, these variables did explain the difference between
good perceivers and poor perceivers (degree of deviation from actual body
size) in somatosensory variables.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body satisfaction; Body image; Body scheme; Somatosensation
Lemoncheck, L., Chapkis, W., Richards, J. R., Dworkin, A., Schmidt, C.,
Wolf, N., Galler, R., Morgan, K. P., & Walker, A. (1994). Presenting
women: Fashion and beauty. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
ABSTRACT: Book section covering several chapters: Dehumanizing women: Treating
persons as sex objects; Beauty secrets; The skeptical feminist; The unadorned
feminist; The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women;
etc.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Fad and fashion; Feminism; Physical attractiveness
Lerner, R. (1971). Body build stereotypes and self-identification
in three are groups of males. Doctoral dissertation, City university
of New York, New York.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body build; Body type; Age
Li, G. S. (1994). Self-perceptions of female dancers, athletes,
exercisers, and non-exercisers. Springfield College.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception
Lichtendorf, S. S. (1988). Body image in the 21st century. New
York: Plenum Press.
ABSTRACT: A discussion of the concept of body image relating it to the normal
pattern of change in women's lives, the potential for disturbance and distortion,
the role of the media, and the cosmetic surgery phenomenon as a case in
point.
KEYWORDS: Body image
Liscomb, J. M. (1995). Athletic women and aerobically involved
women and their body image. Undergraduate research paper. California
Polytechnic State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Lucas, J. (1994). The effects of a strength training program on
the body image, self-concept, and dynamic strength of seventh grade girls.
Unpublished master's thesis, Bringham Young University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image ; Self-perception; Teenage girls
Lynch, S. M. (1994). Male body image: A research thesis. Unpublished
master's thesis, Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, Shippensburg.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Men
Mable, H. M., Balance, W. D., & Galgan, R. J. (1986). Body image
distortion and dissatisfaction in university students. Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 63(2, Pt 2), 907-911.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated body image distortion and body image dissatisfaction
for 75 male and 75 female university students in relation to sex-role orientation,
self-esteem, locus-of-control, and depression. Body dissatisfaction was
significantly associated with low self-esteem, externality, depression,
and distortion. The relationship between body image distortion and dissatisfaction,
although significant, was small.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Machdanz, R. W. (1969). Body awareness: Athletes and non-athletes.
Unpublished master's thesis, California State College, Long Beach.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Mandel, D. (1988). The effects of body image perception, task,
instructions, and weight salient cues on accuracy of body size estimation
in undergraduate women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University
of Maine, Orono.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Body size
Maximin, A. (1989). Body image, depression and self-esteem in
an aging population. Norfolk: Maximin.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Self-concept
Mayer, L. (1991). Being a person and having a body: The role of
language in body image among women with eating disorders. Unpublished
master's thesis, Washington State University, Pullman.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
McClellan, M. A. (1993). Weight, body image, and physical ability:
An exploration of gender differences in psychosocial development. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight
McWhirter, R. M. (1985). Body image and anorexia. Southern Psychologist,
2(3), 22-25.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the commonly reported body image distortion
feature of anorexia to see if hard evidence exists to support the anecdotal
evidence of such a distortion. Research suggests that anorexics overestimate
their body size.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Menges, E. E. (1990). Body figure ratings and associated factors
among college students. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Indianapolis.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Nuccio, S. A. (1981). Visible and nonvisible body alterations:
Their relationship to body image and self-concept. Unpublished master's
thesis, Marquette University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception; Surgery
Oseen, M. A. M. (1994). Strength, body composition, image and
performance capacity of women soldiers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Alberta, Ottawa.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Ostrom, N. C. (1982). A study of perceived and ideal body build
of preschool children. Unpublished master's thesis, Washington State
University, Pullman.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Ideal body; Body image; Self-perception in children; Body build
Park, J. O. (1990). Clothing style preference of working women
related to self-image/clothing-image congruity and public self-consciousness.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-image; Clothing and dress
Pasman, L., & Thompson, J. K. (1988). Body image and eating disturbance
in obligatory runners, obligatory weightlifters, and sedentary individuals.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7(6), 759-769.
ABSTRACT: The study evaluated body image and eating disturbance in 30 obligatory
runners (ORs), 30 obligatory weightlifters (OWs), and 30 sedentary controls
(SCs), aged 18-60 years and evenly divided by gender. Results indicate that
OWs were significantly more accurate in estimating body size than ORs or
SCs, although the latter two groups did not differ from one another. Females
were more dissatisfied with their bodies than males, with the exception
that male and female OWs were equivalent on body dissatisfaction indices.
It is concluded that type of physical activity may be related to size estimation
accuracy and body satisfaction.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Eating disturbance
Payne, L. J. (1994). Body image perception versus actual body
measurements of female collegiate athletes. Unpublished master's thesis,
Central Michigan University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Anthropometry; Self-perception; Women athletes; Body
image
Pearlson, G. D., Flournoy, L. H., Simonson, M., & Slavney, P. R.
(1981). Body image in obese adults. Psychological Medical, 11(1),
147-154.
ABSTRACT: Data was gathered on 38 obese women and 16 obese men attending
a weight-reduction program, as well as on an equal number of normal weight
controls, regarding accuracy of perception of body width in four regions,
as well as attitudes toward body size. Obese subjects, particularly women,
tended to overestimate body width and to dislike their bodies; however,
neither of these factors predicted success in losing weight. Age of onset
of obesity was not related to degree of adult obesity or to accuracy of
estimation of body width.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Obesity
Penner, L. A., Thompson, J. K., & Coovert, D. L. (1991). Size
overestimation among anorexics: Much ado about very little. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 100(1), 90-93.
ABSTRACT: Research size overestimation among anorexics has failed to control
for the effects of actual body size on estimated size. Findings illustrate
the need for appropriate control procedures when considering body image
disturbances among persons with eating disorders.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Pliner, P. (1990). Perception
and evaluation of body image: The meaning of body shape and size. Hillsdale,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Association, Inc.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size
Potts, N. W. (1993). Body image dissatisfaction, self-esteem,
and sex-role identity in mid-life women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Texas Women's University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Sex role
Powers, P. D. (1983). The development of body image in women and
its relationship to self-image and body satisfaction. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception
Rackley, J. V. (1988). Determinants of body image in women at mid-life.
Psychological Reports, 62(1), 9-10.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the relationship between satisfaction with
body image (BI), importance of BI, self-esteem, and mastery in 40 middle-aged
women (35-55 years). Findings show that subjects with higher satisfaction
with BI placed more importance on BI. These same subjects also reported
higher self-esteem and mastery of life events.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image
Raddysh, J. A. (1985). Body image of adult female participants
in selected recreational programs. Unpublished master's thesis, University
of Victoria, Ottawa.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Rand, C. S. W., & Macgregor, A. M. C. (1995). Body size preferences
and desired weight of patients who have received obesity surgery and of
comparison adults. Obesity Research, 3(5), 427-434.
ABSTRACT: Patients who had received obesity surgery (n=144) and comparison
adults (n=72) selected the most attractive male and female size and the
same-sex size they most wanted to look like from an array of 15 outline
drawings. Subjects reported their height, and current and desired weights
(transformed into Body Mass Index units/BMI). Results indicated that patients
and comparison adults select the same desired size. Female patients desired
significantly larger BMIs than comparison women. There was a large variation
of desired BMIs associated with each desired size; the correlation between
desired BMI and desired size was significant for women but not for men.
KEYWORDS: Body shape; Body size; Body composition; Body weight
Reaby, L. L., Hort, L. K., & Vandervord, J. (1994). Body image,
self-concept, and self-esteem in women who had a mastectomy and either wore
an external breast prosthesis or had breast reconstruction and women who
had not experienced mastectomy. Health Care for Women International,
15(5), 361.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image; Self-concept; Self-esteem; Mastectomy
Redfearn, J. W. T. (1994). Movements of the I in relation to the
body image. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 39(3), 311.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image
Rosen, J. C., Srebnik, D., Saltzberg, E., & Wendt, S. (1991).
Development of a body image avoidance questionnaire. Psychological Assessment,
3(1), 32-37.
ABSTRACT: A self-report measure of behavioral tendencies that frequently
accompany body image disturbance was designed on the 19-item questionnaire
that dealt with avoidance of situations that provoke concern about physical
appearance, such as avoidance of tight-fitting clothes, social outings,
and physical intimacy. The measure correlated highly with negative attitudes
about weight and shape and with perceptual distortion of size.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Rosenthal, M. M., & Beutell, N. J. (1981). Movement and body
image: A preliminary study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53(3), 758.
ABSTRACT: The study investigated body image for 9 chronic schizophrenics
(22-55 years), as measured by human figure drawings, before and after eleven
weeks of movement exercises. Postmovement scores were significantly higher
than premovement scores. Results suggest that movement does influence body
image.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Movement
Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. (1988). Body image, attitudes to weight,
and misperceptions of figure preferences of the opposite sex: A comparison
of men and women in two generations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
97(3), 342-345.
ABSTRACT: The study explores some possible causes of the recent increase
in dieting and eating disorders among American women. Measures of body image,
attitudes to eating and weight, and eating behaviors were collected from
male (sons) and female (daughters) college students and their biological
parents. Mothers and daughters believed that men (of their own generation)
prefer much thinner women than these men actually prefer. Although fathers
resembled mothers and daughters in their perception of being overweight,
they were more similar to their sons in being relatively unconcerned about
weight and eating.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image
Rubenstein, R. S. (1987). Body image in obesity and weight loss.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Obesity
Rubin, T. I. (1978). Alive and fat and thinning in America.
New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Obesity
Rucker, C. E. (1990). Body image and perceptions of body size
among Black and White college women. Unpublished master's thesis, Old
Dominion University, Norfolk.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Mind and body; Self-perception
Ruff, G. A., & Barrios, B. A. (1986). Realistic assessment of
body image. Behavioral Assessment, 8(3), 237-251.
ABSTRACT: The study examined psychometric properties of a procedure for
assessing body image among 20 bulimic and 20 normal-control females (aged
18-26 years). Subjects estimated the size of five body parts by regulating
the width of a band of light projected onto a wall. Along with each estimate
an attitudinal measure was obtained, a rating of width on a continuum from
grossly underweight to grossly overweight. Results indicate that subjects
were significantly less accurate (i.e. perceived themselves as wider) in
their width estimations and rated themselves as larger than normal controls.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Santoro, A. J. (1972). Appearance and its effect on self-image.
Unpublished master's thesis, San Francisco State College, San Francisco.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-image; Body image Self-perception
Sartore, R. L. (1996). Body shaping: trends, fashions, and rebellions.
Commack, New York: Nova Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Schellinger, M. M. (1992). Relationship of perceived and objective
weight status to body image and perceived interference of social relationships
in the adolescent population: A research study. Unpublished master's
thesis, La Salle University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body weight
Segal, N. J. (1975). A study of the relationship between movement/exercise,
body posture, body image and self-image. Unpublished master's thesis,
Ohio State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Mind and body; Self-perception
Seid, R. P. (1991). Never too thin: Why women are at war with
their bodies. (1st ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Press.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Obesity; Social aspects; Health and hygiene
Sheer, K. K. (1993). The effect of body size pictures on body
satisfaction: An examination of the contrast effect. Unpublished master's
thesis, Northeast Missouri State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body satisfaction; Body size
Shepard, J. S. (1989). Perceptions of body image: An exploratory
study of participants in a fitness and image enhancement program for large
women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of San Francisco,
Counseling and Educational Psychology.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Obesity
Shunk, T. L. (1993). The effect of experimenter weight on female
subjects' body size estimation accuracy and body dissatisfaction. Unpublished
master's thesis, Humboldt State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body size; Size perception
Silberstein, L. R., Mishkind, M. E., Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Timko,
C. (1989). Men and their bodies: A comparison of homosexual and heterosexual
men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(3), 337-346.
ABSTRACT: The study examined influences on body self-satisfaction, disordered
eating, and exercise behavior among 71 heterosexual and 71 homosexual male
participants from a university community. Homosexuals showed more body dissatisfaction,
as measured by a body esteem scale, and considered appearance more central
to their sense of self, as measured by a self-roles inventory. Homosexuals
who desired to be thinner showed more attitudes and behaviors associated
with disordered eating than those who were thinner. Heterosexuals who wished
to be heavier had lower self-esteem scores than those who were heavier than
or equal to their desired size.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Homosexual; Heterosexual
Silverman, D. (1984). Creativity and body image boundaries.
Unpublished master's thesis, University of Detroit.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Creative ability
Sloan, B. M. (1995). Body image among African-American women:
A comparison of two cultural contexts. Unpublished master's thesis,
Ohio State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Small, A., Madero, J., Teagno, L., & Ebert, M. H. (1983). Intellect,
perceptual characteristics, and weight gain in anorexia nervosa. Journal
of Clinical Psychology, 39(5), 780-782.
ABSTRACT: (None)The study assessed weight gain in a group of primary anorexics
by examining responses to the WAIS (or WISC) and Rorschach for indices that
may predict improvement. A total of 27 successively admitted anorexics (mean
age 20.9 years) to a behavior modification weight gain program completed
both measures early in their hospitalization. Results indicated that perceptual-personality
variables did not have any predictive power. The ability to attend and focus
cognitively are conditions for improvement in this type of a program. The
success of therapy may be due to an inability to sustain and organize a
cognitive focus.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Anorexia Nervosa
Steinberg, C. L., & Birk, J. M. (1983). Weight and compliance:
Male-female differences. Journal of General Psychology, 109(1), 95-102.
ABSTRACT: (None)The study examined the willingness of 60 male and 60 female
subjects (18-23 years) of varying weights to comply with requests for a
favor made by 4 confederates-2 males (1 overweight, 1 normal weight) and
2 females (1 overweight, 1 normal weight). Both male and female subjects
were less compliant to requests from an overweight than a normal weight
confederate. Overweight subjects were more compliant to normal weight opposite-sex
confederates than to overweight opposite-sex confederates.
KEYWORDS: Body weight
Stormer, S. M. (1992). A comparison of four theories of body image
disturbance. Honors thesis, University of South Florida.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-acceptance
Storz, N. S. (1981). Desired body weight, body image, and perception
of relative desirability of weight control methods of adolescent females.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 42(05), 1827B, Temple University.
ABSTRACT: The study was aimed to determine the relationship of desired body
weight, body image, and perceived desirability of weight control methods
of adolescent girls. Subjects were 203 adolescent females in home economic
classes in several high schools. Instrumentation included five outline drawings
of the female figure, a spring-type scale, Witkin's Articulation of Body
Concept (ABC) Scale, and a questionnaire. Results revealed that a significantly
high percentage of the high school girls investigated wished to lose weight.
No significant difference was found between the two groups in the number
of negative, or uncomplimentary, adjectives used to describe present appearance
or in articulation of body concept as measured by Witkin's ABC Scale.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Weight control; Adolescence
Strait, J. G. (1992). The effect of garment size label manipulation
on female body image. Unpublished master's thesis, Washington State
University, Pullman.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body size
Strauman, T. J., & Glenberg, A. M. (1994). Self-concept and body-image
disturbance: Which self-beliefs predict body size overestimation. Cognitive
Therapy and Research, 18(2), 105-125.
ABSTRACT: Two studies investigated the relation between self-concept and
body-image disturbance in selected female undergraduates. Subjects completed
a set of self-concept assessments, including both appearance-specific questions
and a measure of general self-discrepancies. Results indicated that the
groups differed significantly on the criterion for deciding that a silhouette
was larger than their own bodies (bias) but not on the ability to accurately
discriminate among silhouettes (sensitivity). Among self-concept measures,
overall actual: ideal self-discrepancy was the best predictor of subjects'
biases in estimating their own body sizes.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body shape
Striegel-Moore, R. H., Tucker, N., & Hsu, J. (1990). Body image
dissatisfaction and disordered eating in lesbian college students. International
Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(5), 493-500.
ABSTRACT: The study employed 30 lesbian and 52 heterosexual female undergraduates
to complete the Body Esteem Scale and the Eating Disorder Inventory. The
results indicated that lesbians had lower self-esteem, more ineffectiveness,
more interpersonal distrust, and more difficulties in identifying their
own emotions than did heterosexuals.
KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Body image; Appetite-disorders; Lesbianism
Taylor-Grant, G. (1981). The female zone and problems of pelvic
floor sag. London: Roberts.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Generative organs
Thomas, C. D. (1991). Stable vs unstable weight history, body image,
and weight concern in women of average body weight. Psychological Reports,
68(2), 491-499.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the effect of unstable weight history (WH)
on current body image perceptions among 15 female undergraduates with stable
WHs, 15 whose lowest weights were 15% or more below their current weight,
and 15 whose highest weights were 15% or more above current weight. Compared
with subjects who had stable WHs, subjects with unstable WHs indicated greater
dissatisfaction with the size and shape of their bodies, expressed more
negative body attitudes, and reported increased concern about weight.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body weight
Thomas, C. D., & Freeman, R. J. (1991). Body image marking: Validity
of body width estimates as operational measures of body image. Behavior
Modification, 15(2), 261-270.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the relation of image marking estimates of
body width (IM) to actual widths, to other indices of body size perception,
and to measures of body satisfaction using data obtained in a nonclinical
sample of 200 women. Findings indicated that the variance in IM estimates
remaining after actual width was accounted for was not meaningfully related
to other body-image indices. Thus, the study concluded that most of the
variance in IM estimates is error variance.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Body satisfaction
Thompson, J. K. (1986, April). Larger than life. Psychology Today,
20, 38-39.
ABSTRACT: A total of 100 women free of eating disorders were asked to approximate
the size of at least 4 parts of their own bodies (cheeks, waist, hips, and
thighs). Results show that more than 95% overestimated their body size on
average one-fourth larger than actuality. When 30 men and 30 women were
studied, it was found that women overestimated more than men on overall
measurements.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Thompson, J. K. (1986, April). Larger than life. Psychology Today,
20, 38-39.
ABSTRACT: A total of 100 women free of eating disorders were asked to approximate
the size of at least 4 parts of their own bodies (cheeks, waist, hips, and
thighs). Results show that more than 95% overestimated their body size on
average one-fourth larger than actuality. When 30 men and 30 women were
studied, it was found that women overestimated more than men on overall
measurements.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Thompson, J. K. (1995). Assessment of body image. Thousand
Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
ABSTRACT: The content representation focuses on the assessment of the multiple
forms of body image to provide an overview of delineation of assessment
methodologies, including an exploration of specific measures for each component
of body image disturbance and information for obtaining many of the measures
of size, shape, weight, and appearance satisfaction; etc.
KEYWORDS: Body image
Thompson, M. A., & Gray, J. J. (1995). Development and validation
of a new body image assessment scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,
64(2), 258-269.
ABSTRACT: The study explored the development and validation of the Contour
Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS) as a new body image assessment tool consisting
of nine male and nine female contour drawings. The drawings were designed
with detailed features of precisely graduated sizes at the waist for accurate
upper and lower body comparisons. 51 female undergraduates (aged 18-23 yrs)
were recruited to select the contour drawings they perceived as depicting
their current body size. Results support the continued use of the CDRS as
a measure of body size perception.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Tonguch, I. (1992). The female body image in North American literature.
Senior honors thesis. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Torreta, D. M. (1968). Somesthetic perception of clothing fabrics
in relation to body image and psychological security. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Utah State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Clothing and dress
Tucker, L. A. (1985). Dimensionality and factor satisfaction of the
body image construct: A gender comparison. Sex Roles, 12(9-10), 931-937.
ABSTRACT: The study administered the Body Cathexis Scale to 160 undergraduate
females. Analysis extracted four orthogonal factors: (1) Physical Skills
and Fitness, (2) Face and Overall Appearance, (3) Miscellaneous Items, and
(4) Weight and Lower Body. Subjects reported the most satisfaction on the
second dimension and the least satisfaction on the fourth axis. Gender differences
using previous results from male subjects indicated that females perceived
facial features and lower bodies as more significant than did males.
KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body image
Tufnell, M. (1990). Body space image: Notes towards improvisation
and performance. London: Virago.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Improvisation (acting); Experimental performing arts
Tung, M. P.-m. (1979). Symbolic meaning of the body in Chinese
culture: A psycholinguistic inquiry. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of California, Berkeley.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Psycholinguistics
Ujiki, J. E. (1981). Weight, body image, and restraint. Unpublished
master's thesis, California State University, Chico.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception; Obesity
Van-Kampen, J., & Hundleby, J. D. (1994). An investigation of
the associations between augmenting-reducing, reactivity, sensation seeking
and body image. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(3), 373-377.
ABSTRACT: This study replicated previous research (C. Davis, et al.) in
the areas of augmenting-reducing, sensation seeking, and reactivity and
examined the relation between these constructs and errors in body size estimation.
A total of 80 female undergraduates estimated the width of their body parts
(head, shoulders, waist, and hips), completed the Sensation Seeking and
Reactivity Scales, and performed a series of measurements on the kinaesthetic
after effect task. Correlations revealed no association between the measures,
with the exception of one significant negative relationship between errors
in waist estimations and the Reactivity Scale.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Wallace, K. M. (1978). Body image of women athletes and non-athletes.
Unpublished master's thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Women athletes
Wardle, J., & Foley, E. (1989). Body image: Stability and sensitivity
of body satisfaction and body size estimation. International Journal
of Eating Disorders, 8(1), 55-62.
ABSTRACT: The study assessed body size estimation, body satisfaction, and
feeling fat before and after meals on 2 occasions, in a repeated measures
design, among 20 normal weight. A consistently negative self-appraisal was
identified, including low satisfaction, feeling fat, and overestimation
of body size. Body image was more negative in restrained than unrestrained
eaters and become more negative after eating.
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Body satisfaction; Body size estimation
Warsh, A. (1989). Body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa: Beyond
body image. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34(9), 898-905.
ABSTRACT: The study tested the hypotheses that body size estimation (BSO)
in anorexia nervosa (AN) may be related to the presence of different subgroups
among anorexia and different types of body image (BI) disturbance. Results
indicated that not all anorexics overestimate their body size. BSO is more
likely known as a function of a general perceptual/cognitive disorder.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Watts, R. H. J. (1995). Self-image disparities and extroversion:
A comparison of idiographic and uniform measures of self-concept. College
of William and Mary.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-image; Self-concept
Wiles, R. (1994). I'm not fat, I'm pregnant: The impact of pregnancy
on fat women's body image. London: Taylor & Francis.
ABSTRACT: The research focuses on women's physical appearance changes during
pregnancy, and that they are viewed differently during the time. The research
was designed to discover how women experience being fat and the impact of
pregnancy and childbirth; focusing on women's subjective feelings and experiences
about their weight
KEYWORDS: Body image; Weight perception; Obesity
Williams, A. A. (1974). Fit of clothing related to body image,
body build, and selected clothing attitudes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of North Carolina, Greensboro.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Somatotypes; Clothing and dress
Williamson, D. A., Davis, C. J., Bennett, S. M., & Goreczny, A. J.
(1989). Development of a simple procedure for assessing body image disturbances.
Behavioral Assessment, 11(4), 433-446.
ABSTRACT: The study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Body Image
Assessment (BIA), a measure designed to assess body image disturbances.
Normative data were presented as a function of actual body size so that
raw scores could be interpreted in terms of standardized scores.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Williamson, D. A., Davis, C. J., & Goreczny, A. J. (1989). Body
image disturbances in bulimia nervosa: Influences of actual body size. Journal
of Abnormal Psychology, 98(1), 97-99.
ABSTRACT: The study evaluated body image distortion and ideal body size
preferences in 423 nonbulimic women and 108 bulimics. Weight was used as
a covariate to evaluate the influence of actual body size on perception
of current body size and selection of ideal body size. Results suggest that
body image distortion and extreme preference for thinness are fundamental
characteristic of bulimia nervosa.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Bulimia Nervosa
Zelandais, L. I. (1994). Body craft: Creating the body you want
while loving the body you have. Sacramento, California: Anti-Gravity
Press.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Weight loss; Physical fitness