MODELING AND MEDIA
Fashion industry, the entertainment industry, and a wide variety of
advertising provide an enormous array of images via media. These images
send a message that has enormous impact.
Aguinaldo, T. A. (1993). The effect of media on women's body image.
(Undergraduate research paper). California Polytechnic State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Mass media
Anonymous. (1993). Learn to love the body you've got: advice from
supermodel Carol Alt and her sister Christine. McCall's, 120(5),
128.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body
Anonymous. (1995). Slim hopes advertising and the obsession with
thinness. (Videocassette). Northampton: Media Education Foundation.
ABSTRACT: Illustrated lecture which explores the manner in which women are
portrayed by advertising with the focus on thinness. The impact of portrayal
of the self images of women girls is discussed.
KEYWORDS: Body weight
Anonymous. (1995). Gender in popular culture: Images of men and
women in literature, visual media, and material culture. Cleveland,
Oklahoma: Ridgemont Press.
ABSTRACT: The bibliographical references include: Justify my desire: Madonna
and the representation of sexual pleasure; Clothing and self-image: Window
to the soul; Cross-dressing: Changing from him to her; The case of vanishing
role model; etc.
KEYWORDS: Self-image; Popular culture; Sex role in literature
Brenner, J. B., & Cunningham, J. G. (1992). Gender differences
in eating attitudes, body concept, and self-esteem among models. Sex
Roles, 27(7-8), 413-437.
ABSTRACT: An investigation of eating attitudes, body concept, and self-esteem
(SE) among male and female professional fashion models and male and female
college students who served as controls. Overall results indicated that
women displayed significantly more eating-disordered behavior and lower
levels of body satisfaction and SE than men. The SE between male models
(MMs) and male controls didn't differ, whereas the SE among women were different.
However, both women controls and women models had similar levels of eating-disordered
behavior.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Eating disorders; Body concept ; Body image; Body
satisfaction
Chang Kim, S. N. (1993). Women models in Korea and American magazine
advertisements: A cross-cultural study. Unpublished master's thesis,
University of Missouri, Columbia.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Magazine; Women in advertising
Early, A. (1993). The influence of television commercials on women's
body image and self-esteem. Unpublished master's thesis, Colorado State
University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Television Advertising
Everly, S. L. (1995). The effects of media on women's body image.
Unpublished master's thesis, Ohio State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Featherstone, M. (1991). The body in consumer culture. London:
Sage Publication, Inc.
ABSTRACT: Content representation: the appearance and management of impressions
of the outer body that are of particular interest; within consumer culture,
the inner and the outer body become conjoined: the prime purpose of the
maintenance of the inner body becomes the enhancement of the appearance
of the outer body; etc.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Physical appearance; Consumer Psychology
Hamilton, K., & Waller, G. (1993). Media influence on body size
estimation in anorexia and bulimia: An experimental study. British Journal
of Psychiatry, 162, 837-840.
ABSTRACT: The study examined the influence of media portrayal of idealized
female bodies in women's fashion magazines on the tendency for anorexic
and bulimic women to overestimate their body size. Subjects include 24 women
with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa and 24 comparison women without
such eating disorders. Results indicate that comparison subjects were not
affected by the nature of the photographs that they saw, but eating disordered
subjects overestimated more when they saw photographs of women from the
fashion magazines than when they saw photographs of neutral objects from
a magazine dedicated to "beautiful homes".
KEYWORDS: Body size; Bulimia; Mass media
Jackson, L. A., & Ervin, K. S. (1991). The frequency and portrayal
of Black females in fashion advertisements. Journal of Black Psychology,
18(1), 67-70.
ABSTRACT: The portrayal of African-American women in fashion magazine advertisements
was investigated using 962 ads from eighteen magazines. Results suggest
that Black females are disproportionately underrepresented in advertisements,
and when represented, are usually portrayed "from a distance."
KEYWORDS: Body image; Fashion advertisement; Fads and fashion
Kilbourne, J. (1994). Still killing us softly: Advertising and
obsession with thinness. New York: Guilford Press.
ABSTRACT: Content representation: (a) current emphasis on excessive thinness
for women is one of the clearest examples of advertising's power to influence
cultural standards and consequent individual behavior, (b) images in the
mass media constantly reinforce the latest ideal, (c) discuss how advertising
and the media indoctrinate the consumer in these ideals to the detriment
of most women, (d) diet products, fitness, and the fear of fat, (e) power
of freedom, (f) the marketing of addictions, etc.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Advertising; Social norms
Krause, K. M. (1994). Self-worth and sexuality: A content analysis
of advertising in women's magazines. Unpublished master's thesis, James
Madison University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Symbolism in advertising; Feminism
Laughlin, N. (1995, January). My body, my self. Glamour, 93,
162.
ABSTRACT: A woman who once battled her body image now finds reward as a
plus-size model.
KEYWORDS: Body
Leone, M. (1993). Effects of thin and oversize models on body
image perception in college women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Hofstra University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Models
Lowe, B. (1994). Body images and the politics of beauty: Formation
of the feminine ideal in medieval and early modern Europe. Contributions
in Women's Studies, 141, 21.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body; Body image; Feminine ideal
McMullen, J. L. (1989). The effects of physical stereotypes of
males and females in media on body image and self-esteem. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body mass; Body image; Self-esteem
Molbert, A. L. (1993). The influence of thin, average, and oversized
models on body size estimation. Unpublished master's thesis, McNeese
State University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Body size; Eating Disorders
Morris, A., Cooper, T., & Cooper, P. J. (1989). The changing
shape of female fashion models. International Journal of Eating Disorders,
8(5), 593-596.
ABSTRACT: The changes of physical features of the female fashion models
from 1967 to 1987 were examined using models from a London model agency.
There was no change in hip measurement. Results confirm a tendency for models'
shapes to become less curvaceous and more tubular.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Morrison, D. R. (1993). Against an ideal: Performing skinny girls.
Unpublished master's thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Ideal body; Body image; Self-acceptance
Myers, P. N. (1989). Measuring for the short term effect of body
image oriented television advertising on self-perceived body size in
a female target audience. Unpublished master's thesis, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Self-perception
Myers, P. N., & Biocca, F. A. (1992). The elastic body image:
The effect of television advertising and programming on body image distortions
in young women. Journal of Communication, 42(3), 108-133.
ABSTRACT: The study examined 76 female university students on the effect
of thin body images in the media that indirectly cause increases in anorexia
nervosa and bulimia. Findings show that ideal body image commercials lowered
body size overestimations and subjects' depression levels. Data also support
the notion of an elastic body image, in which actual body size is in conflict
with a mediated ideal body image and an unstable self-perceived body image.
Results suggest that watching even 30 minutes of TV programming and advertising
can alter a woman's perception of the shape of her body.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Paul, S. A. P. (1993). Media influences on college women's attitudes
toward weight and body image. Unpublished master's thesis, Georgia Southern
University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image
Safranek, L. A. (1992). Women and weight in popular magazine.
Honors thesis, University of Nebraska, Omaha.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Mass media; Self-acceptance; Self-respect in women
Scully, C. S. (1995). The effect of age, gender, and media exposure
on body image and body satisfaction. Wheaton, College, Norton.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction
Sumner, A., Waller, G., Killick, S., & Elstein, M. (1993). Body
image distortion in pregnancy: A pilot study of the effects of media images.
Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11(4), 203-208.
ABSTRACT: The study examined how media's portrayal of the ideal woman's
shape (slim) affects pregnant (PG) women's body image distortion in a small-scale
pilot study. A total of 10 pregnant (PG) women and 10 non-PG women viewed
20 (effective) photographs of models taken from fashion magazines. Results
suggest that PG women are affected by these media images, but that the pattern
of enhanced distortion changes throughout pregnancy.
KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image
Waldfogel, S. (1986). The body beautiful, the body hateful: Feminine
body image and the culture of consumption in 20th century America. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image; Feminine beauty (aesthetics)
Walker, C. (1993). Fat and happy? American Demographics, 15(1),
52.
ABSTRACT: In the 1990's, businesses have an opportunity to show baby boomers
new models of healthy aging. As Americans shift their focus from the perfect
body to a healthy body, advertisers will score by showing bodies that are
older and bigger.
KEYWORDS: Body
Waller, G., Hamilton, K., & Shaw, J. (1992). Media influences
on body size estimation in eating disordered and comparison subjects. British
Review of Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa, 6(2), 81-87.
ABSTRACT: The study examined whether vulnerability to media images of women's
bodies is associated with the degree of abnormal eating attitudes, and whether
it is limited to anorexics and bulimics. 24 women with eating disorders
and 40 normal controls viewed a series of photographs from mass circulation
magazines that focused on female fashion. Among controls, the pictures'
effects on body size estimation were stronger in those with more pathological
eating attitudes. The clinical group as a whole responded to the affective
stimuli by increasing their body size overestimation, although their overestimation
was not related to the extent of their psychopathology.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Waller, G., Shaw, J., Hamilton, K., & Baldwin, G. (1994). Beauty
is the eye of the beholder: Media influence on the psychopathology of eating
problems. Appetite, 23(3), 287.
ABSTRACT: A series of studies examined whether the media's portrayal of
slim models causes symptoms related to eating problems among women who looked
at fashion magazines and then estimated their own body size. The portrayal
of ideal female bodies has an influence on body image distortion. This effect
is moderated by type of stimulus and identity of the reader.
KEYWORDS: Body size
Wilcox, K. L. (1994). Media imagery and body dissatisfaction:
A study of the effect of stimulus exposure on women's body esteem. Unpublished
master's thesis, Clark University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body mass; Body image; Self-esteem in women; Mass media
Williams-Deane, M. (1989). The cultivation of thinness through
modeling: The media, negative body image and eating disorder. Unpublished
master's thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Body image
Winkler, M. G. (1994). Model women. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.
ABSTRACT: Discussions of the images of women in popular advertisements,
posits that the predominant images of women impede the development of an
integrated womanhood by offering "only a choice between mirror-gazing
Venus and destroying Medusa." An essay of the idea that a healthier
culture, by symbolizing desire in its myriad forms both gendered and otherwise,
will be a culture that encourages respect for all.
KEYWORDS: Body image; Physical attractiveness; Advertising
Wiscox, K. L. (1994). Media imagery and body dissatisfaction:
A study of the effect of stimulus exposure on women's body esteem. Unpublished
master's thesis, Clark University.
ABSTRACT: (None)
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Body satisfaction