COM 101

Media and Society, 3 credits

Spring 2016

Required to certify in Communication

 

Instructor: Dr. Richard Taflinger

Email: taflinge@wsu.edu

Office location: Murrow 241BC

 

Phone: 335-1530 (email is generally the fastest way to get a hold of me)

 

Go to this site for links to other information like studying and test-taking hints and PowerPoints

*Dr. Taflinger is responsible for all class content. If you have a content question, please contact Dr. Taflinger. I'm responsible for grading papers and entering grades on Blackboard. If you have a question about how a paper was graded, or when a grade will be posted, you should contact me.

 

Course Purpose

This course is designed to introduce you to the role that media plays in modern society and how scholars determine what that role is. We will begin the semester by examining the historical origins of media and how media are currently being shaped. The majority of the semester is designed to introduce you to the various theories that describe how mass media is expected to influence society – both individually and structurally – and how to interpret evidence of those presumed effects.

 

Course focus:  This course is an introduction to mass communication and mass media, with a strong focus on media literacy, the history and development of mass media, and the effects of media on individuals and society.  The following points are central to our approach.

1.  Democracy depends on informed citizens, and citizens depend on media for information.  Therefore, it’s crucial that we understand where the media came from, how media institutions function, and the roles they play in society.

2.  Culture, ideology, reality are socially constructed through both interpersonal and mass communication.  Media play important roles in these processes.  Therefore, it’s important to recognize the motivations and rewards of societies, media institutions and media professionals through both an historical and modern day lens as media were developed and influenced the societies that possessed them, and as societies are continuing to be influenced today.

3.  An important part of life today is the media and their effects on their audiences.  However, many people simply absorb media messages without considering potential consequences of those messages themselves or their societies.  By developing media literacy skills and critical thinking it is possible to evaluate messages, not just be affected by them, and that will be a part of this class.  Specifically, this class will advance students in the following course objectives:

            a) understand methods of inquiry used in the field of communication

            b) understand the effects that media have had and continue to have on societies

            c) demonstrate through exams and papers an understanding of and ability to apply critical thinking to media and their effects on societies

4.  The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication has proudly adopted the name of its most famous alumnus because we believe that his influences on journalism and the media, especially radio and television, has profoundly, and positively, affected them.  An understanding of his legacy will provide insight into what is valid and useful, and invalid and of little use, as the media and society impact each other, and will be a part of this class.

Other course related information and material will be available on the course website (http://public.wsu.edu/~taflinge/com101home.html)  [please note the spelling of my name in this URL (and in my email address) – it’s t-a-f-l-i-n-g-e.  There’s no “r” at the end.  I’ve been online so long that I go back to when a filename could only have 8 letters, and my name has 9 – so sue me.]

Course Materials

 

Crotaeu & Potter (2015). Media and Society + Media Effects, Sage. (Custom text, available at the Bookie)

 

UNIVERSITY POLICIES:

Students with disabilities

Reasonable accommodations are available for students with a documented disability.  If you have a disability and may need accommodation to fully participate in the class, please visit the Disability Resource Center (DRC).  All accommodations must be approved through the DRC (Washington Building, Room 217).  Please stop by or call 509-335-3417 to make an appointment with a disability specialist.  If you plan to take the exams at the DRC, simply follow these steps:  bring two copies of the accommodate form to class, one for me to sign for the DRC and one for my files; email me a reminder no later than the Friday before the exam to send the permissions form and exam to DRC (if the DRC doesn’t have the exam at least 3 class days before it’s administered they can’t give it to you).

Tolerance

This is a college class.  The purpose of a college class is to explore ideas and think about them.  So lectures and discussions may, and should, illuminate differing ideas and opinions.  Regardless of differing opinions or perspectives, students are required to treat all classmates with courtesy and respect.  You may not agree with someone – fine.  That does not give you license to go after that person with ad hominem attacks, belittling, or yelling.  Students who do not treat others, including the professor, with respect will be dismissed.

Cheating/Plagarism

Academic Integrity: Cheating and academic misconduct are defined in WSU's Academic Integrity Policy, which can be found in the WSU Student Handbook (WAC 504-26-202—Acts of Dishonesty and WAC 504-26-010--Definitions).  It is your responsibility to read and understand these definitions.  Lack of knowledge is not an excuse for academic misconduct. One of the common violations is plagiarism, which is misappropriation of intellectual property without giving due credit to the author. Instructors in the Murrow College use Turnitin (www.turnitin.com), a software application that is specifically designed to detect plagiarism. Anyone who violates WSU’s Standards of Conduct for Students will be reported to the Office of Student Affairs.  When academic misconduct charges are brought against a student, she or he no longer has the option of withdrawing from the class, and can be retroactively re-enrolled in the class. Copying is a form of academic dishonesty and will not be tolerated.  Do not copy or allow others to steal or copy from your work. When two or more students are found to turn in identical or overly similar work, all students will receive equal punishment.  If a student steals or copies your work against your will, you should report the incident immediately to your instructor.

 

The minimum penalty for a violation of WSU's Standards of Conduct for Students is a zero on the assignment or test without an option to make up the points lost. In addition, a full letter-grade will be deducted from the final grade earned in the class. Penalty ranges from this minimum to an F in the course. Instructors may consider mitigating circumstances and have some latitude in assigning sanctions.  In addition, the Office of Student Standards and Accountability may impose other punishments, including expulsion from the University.

 

It is your responsibility to 1) not cheat, 2) not help anyone else cheat, and 3) not to give the appearance that you are cheating.  University policy allows that students caught cheating may 1) receive an F on the exam, 2) receive an F for the course, and 3) may be expelled from the University for a second offense or for a particularly egregious offense.  The policy of this course is to seek the most severe punishment from the University as a first response and to put the burden of appeal on the student.  Behaviors that will lead to prosecution include, but are not limited to, looking at another student’s test or scoring sheet during an exam or quiz, having open notes during an exam or quiz, being dishonest about a missed exam, talking to anyone but the instructor or a TA during the exam, or using an unauthorized electronic device during an exam.

Safety. Please familiarize yourself with information regarding campus emergencies/school closings by visiting this website:  http://oem.wsu.edu/emergencies

Communication with Students must occur via designated university channels. We will use the Blackboard and the wsu.edu platforms. If you write from an external address, I will not reply. [1]

Academic Complaint Procedures include the following prescribed steps:

1) Contact the course supervisor (Richard Taflinger) for additional direction. If unresolved, 

2) Contact the Associate Dean for Academics, The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication.

Course Withdrawal

If you want to withdraw or need other important dates, please consult the Academic Calendar. [2] 

General Course Policies

 

Blackboard: This class will use the university’s Blackboard system (learn.wsu.edu) as our online portal. That means you will need to log into the class website daily and check for updates, assignments, readings, and grades. Supplemental course readings will be posted on the site, and we might have online discussions as well. Make sure to check it!

Class Format: Most days I will try to mix it up with lecture, in-class activities/clips, and guests. There will be three multiple-choice/true-false exams, based on lecture and readings, and two outside assignments. Exams are based on the assumption that you have done the reading and absorbed the material.

Computer Use: You are required to use your WSU email account to receive course updates. I encourage you to take notes by hand rather than via an electronic device. Recent research has demonstrated that information is better retained with hand-written notes in comparison to typed notes.

Confidentiality of Student Records

Information is available at: http://www.registrar.wsu.edu/registrar/apps/ferpa.aspx

Email policy: The subject line of any email you send me should be Lastname, COM101 (i.e. If I were sending an email, the subject line would be: Taflinger, COM101). I get a lot of email and there are a lot of you in this class. Using this will insure that I actually open your email and respond in a timely fashion. Do not expect an instant response. Sending the same email multiple times if you do not get an instant response will not speed up my response time. I will respond within 24 hours, and I tend to respond more quickly than that.

As a state employee, my email is considered a public record, and can be requested via an open-records request. Because of this, federal privacy laws prevent me from discussing grades or other personal matters via email, and you must visit me in my office to discuss these matters. In general, face-to-face meetings tend to take less time, and result in less confusion than emailed conversations. While you are welcome to email me, I may indicate that you need an in-person meeting.

As a side note, email is formal communication and you should pay attention to how you present yourself via email. Spelling, grammar, punctuation, appropriate greetings and conclusions are all elements that should be present. Sending “yo, did i miss anything? Thx c u l8r” to a professor, or any sort of supervisor is not appropriate. The time to start good habits is now. 

Late Work/Make-up Work: All written assignments must be turned in to the Blackboard dropbox on the day the assignment is due. Your assignment will be marked as late if they are uploaded even one second after the due date has ended. You have 24 hours after the due date to turn in your assignment for a 10% grade reduction. After 24 hours has past, you will receive a zero for the assignment. I will not be checking to see if you've handed in your paper in the 24 hour grace period. It is your responsibility to make sure you properly uploaded your paper. There are no make-ups for exams, for any reason. Please see the exam section below in the “How you Get Points” section for more details.

 

Possible Offensive Content: This class is a free-speech zone because I believe the free exchange of ideas is important as citizens and as college students. Additionally, the exchange of ideas plays an important role in the world of communication. We will address current media issues in this course. That means you may hear discussions about news coverage that could be offensive to you, such as ugly crimes, political controversies or conflicting religious beliefs. At times you may hear me or other students criticize government and institutions, but my criticisms are not partisan. Dipsticks and heroes are represented in all political parties and all walks of life – and at times we are all dipsticks and other times heroes! If you have a thought germane to the course material and discussion, speak up, and if we all respect one another and discuss with intelligence and decorum, then classes will be productive and educational. As the former U.S. senator from Idaho, William E. Borah, said: “If the press is not free; if speech is not independent and untrammeled; if the mind is shackled or made impotent through fear, it makes no difference under what form of government you live, you are a subject and not a citizen.” So speak up, citizen, and cheer this great country’s belief in an open and vibrant exchange of ideas!

 

How You Get Points

A maximum of 670 points is possible for the semester, awarded on the following basis:

 

Exams*                                                                                               500

Historical Innovation Written Assignment** ; or                                 75

Theory in Action Written Assignment**                                              75

Library Tutorial completion                                                                  10

            TOTAL POINTS                                                                                670     

 

There is a handout on Blackboard to help you keep track of your grades and to help you calculate your final grade. I suggest you use this form rather than just looking at what Blackboard auto-calculates for you.

 

Letter grades will be calculated using this formula:

Letter

Percentage

A

93+%

A-

88 - 92%

B+

84 - 87%

B

79 - 83%

B-

75 - 78%

C+

71 - 74%

C

67 - 70%

C-

63 - 66%

D+

59 - 62%

D

55 - 58%

F

55-

 

I don’t round up. I will keep grades posted on Blackboard and the Com 101 website - it is your responsibility to check it and make sure you know where you are at by comparing it to this chart.

 

Incomplete Grade Policy (Academic Rule 90h)

Incompletes are granted only with permission of the instructor and are subject to the following guidelines:

  1. Students must request an incomplete in writing or by e-mail from the instructor before the end of the semester.
  2. The request must be signed and dated by the student (or identified by student's e-mail address), and must explain the reasons behind the request for the incomplete.
  3. In order to be considered for an incomplete, there are two main conditions:
    1. A student must complete a minimum amount of the assigned course work. Specifically, a student must complete 75 percent of the course work.
    2. A student must have a mathematical possibility of passing the class. A passing grade is 60 percent or above for the entire course.
  4. If extraordinary circumstances (e.g., family emergency, serious illness) are involved and are documented to the instructor's satisfaction, the professor/ instructor retains the discretion to grant an incomplete even if the minimum conditions outlined in item 3 above are not met.

If an incomplete is granted, the standard WSU policy applies (i.e., ALL work must be completed within one full year from the end of the enrollment semester at issue, unless a shorter time is specified by the instructor. Otherwise, an automatic grade of "F," or failing, will be entered on the student’s transcript). 

 Online Collaboration

The essence of education is exposure to diverse viewpoints. In your discussion posts you’ll meet students with vastly different opinions and backgrounds. When you don’t agree with their views, pause a moment. Weigh their words. You’re encouraged to disagree with the substance of others’ ideas and opinions, but do so with an active sense of respect for one another, and without losing focus on the topic at hand. Personal attacks, inflammatory statements, flaming, trolling, and disruption of the discussion do not have a place in academic discourse.

Your instructors will promote high-quality academic discussions by removing any posts they view as disruptive of the educational process and alerting students whose posts have been removed that they have violated course expectations. Students who continue to misuse the discussion boards after a warning may be subject to removal of access rights, course failure, and referral to the Office of Student Conduct.

Postings must comply with University policy on use of computing resources, including those regarding harassment and discrimination, as well as conform to the Standards of Conduct for Students. Students are encouraged to review the Standards, particularly WAC 504-26-218, 504-26-220, and 504-26-222. Visit the University Website specific to your campus of enrollment for more information.

In certain courses, assessment of discussion posts is part of the final grade. Criteria for evaluating your discussion participation will be explained elsewhere in the course space, if applicable.

Netiquette

Just as in a physical classroom, a good discussion in an online classroom depends on everyone feeling safe and respected. Here are a few tips for creating an educational and enjoyable discussion space:

  • It is difficult to “read” emotion in online discussions – be clear, use emoticons or concisely express your feelings (e.g., "ha, ha")
  • Use of all capitals sends the message that YOU ARE SHOUTING!
  • Give positive feedback (“good idea, thanks”), be polite, and avoid hostile or curt comments, stereotypes and labels.
  • Apply the same standards you would follow in a face-to-face classroom discussion.
  • Maintain a sense of dignity and decorum (an online class is not the same as your Facebook account or your email).
  • Argue not with emotion but with knowledge, facts, authority and reason.

For more on the Core Rules of Netiquette, visit http://coursedesign.colostate.edu/obj/corerulesnet.html


Critical Thinking

The ability to think and write critically is an essential skill in many walks of life. Critical thinking skills are developed and refined through practice, self-reflection, and the critique and support of peers and instructors. Throughout this course you will have many opportunities to exercise your analytical thinking, synthesize information, and apply knowledge to real-life situations.

The course developer or your instructor may have provided a critical thinking rubric in this course space, if applicable, to assess your own writing and that of other students. Please review it carefully before completing each activity.


Reasonable Accommodations

Reasonable accommodations are available in online classes for students with a documented disability. All accommodations must be approved through your WSU Disability Services office. If you have a disability and need accommodations, we recommend you begin the process as soon as possible.

For more information contact a Disability Specialist on your home campus:


Technical Support

If you need technical assistance, please select the Course Information link in the course menu, then select Technical Support.


WSU Online Student Support

The WSU Online Web site http://online.wsu.edu/currentStudent/Default.aspx ) has all the non-content and administrative related information you need to be a successful online learner.

  • If you need help but aren’t sure who to contact, the Student Services Office is here to help! See Student Services.
  • Study tips and Skills for success are also available to resources that will give you a good head start in assuring success with your course.

Library Support

All students enrolled in Washington State University online courses can use the WSU Libraries online databases and receive reference and research assistance from their home campus. Students can also borrow books and other circulating material as well as access full-text journal articles.


eTutoring

As a WSU student enrolled in an undergraduate course, you have FREE unlimited access to eTutoring.org, a tutoring platform that enables students and tutors to collaborate in an online environment. This is not a course requirement, but simply an available resource that you may utilize as needed. With three ways to access a tutor you can choose the one that best fits your needs.

  • Writing Lab tutors will respond to papers in ANY academic subject, including history, anthropology, sociology, and everything else. If you're working on a paper for ANY of your courses our tutors can help you. Just submit your paper, ask specific questions on the submission form and a tutor will respond within 24-48 hours.
  • eChat rooms allow students to meet with tutors in one-on-one tutoring sessions via a fully interactive, virtual online environment.
  • Students can also leave specific questions for an eTutor in any of our subjects by taking advantage of our eQuestions option. Our tutors will respond to your question within 24-48 hours.

The list of available tutoring subjects can be found on the https://www.etutoring.org/login.cfm?institutionid=176&returnPage= site. Current subjects include Accounting, Anatomy & Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, Math and Calculus, Medical Coding, MS Office 2007, Physics, Spanish, Statistics, Web Development and Writing!


Overview of Course Components

Exams*

 

There will be three exams comprised of multiple choice and true/false questions.  The exams  will cover only the lectures and readings from the previous section.  The tests will be multiple choice/true-false. There will not be a review period so make sure you are keeping up on the material and ask questions as we go along if any of the material is confusing to you. Cheating on a test, of course, like any assignment will result in an automatic F for the course and referral to the Office of Student Conduct.

 It is extremely advisable that you go to http://public.wsu.edu/~taflinge/com101/HINTSONSTUDYING.html.  This page gives you strategies for studying and test taking with examples, and is the only study guide you’ll get for the exams.

Written Assignments**

General Assignment Information

Everything for this class will be turned in via the Blackboard dropbox and must be typed using 12-point Times New Roman font, double spaced, and have one-inch margins. Everything should be written in typical paragraph format using complete sentences and paragraphs. All sources for assignments must be cited, both within the text and on a reference page, and must conform to either APA, Chicago, or MLA style. There are no excuses for late assignments, and you only have a 24 hour grace period to obtain a reduced grade. You can always turn in assignments early. If for some reason you are having problems with the dropbox, you must notify me beforehand to get me an alternative digital copy. It is your responsibility to ensure that your assignments are properly submitted. Digital copies must be submitted in .doc, .docx, or .pdf format. If you fail to submit in this format, and I must request a new copy, it will be considered late and receive a 10% penalty. All assignments are run through the anti-plagiarism software Turnitin. Please note that self-plagiarism is still plagiarism and everything you turn in for this class should be created for this class, in this semester. That is, you cannot turn in a paper you submitted in a prior attempt at this course, or in a different course.

 

I will be as fair and impartial as is humanly possible in the grading process. Each of you will be graded on the same basis. Because of this, no extra work or special assignments will be given. Grades are earned; they are not gifts. Grades are awarded on the basis on the quality of the work performed, not the amount of time expended.

 

Revise and Resubmit Opportunity

We will have two written assignments over the course of the semester. Pick which one you want to do.  You will be allowed to revise the written assignment you submit and turn it in for an improved grade. You will be able to make up half of the points you lost when you turn in your revised paper (i.e., if your initial submission resulted in a grade of 60/75, you could revise and resubmit it for a maximum grade of 67.5/75, your revise and resubmit score would be 7.5). You can only revise something that was originally turned in. That is, revising your paper is an opportunity to improve your writing based on feedback, it is not an opportunity to delay turning in an assignment.

 

Historical Innovation Paper

For this paper you will need to research a media innovation that was invented prior to your birth and explore how it changed the media environment. To do this, you will need to use library resources to research your chosen media innovation. You will turn in two things for this assignment: 1) a paper describing your media innovation, and how it changed the media environment at the time, and 2) a write-up of your information search experience using library resources. The entire assignment description and rubric are available on Blackboard.

 

Theory in Action Paper

The goal of this paper is to get you to critically think about the various ways information can be presented, and the variety of potential explanations that exist for effects based on exposure to media content. To do this, you will need to apply two media effects theories to public opinion data and explain how the two different theories could explain the observed results. The entire assignment description and rubric are available on Blackboard.

Library Tutorial

On Blackboard there is a link to an online library tutorial (http://libguides.wsulibs.wsu.edu/Com101) put together by the Communication librarian, Erica Nicol. The tutorial will teach you how to use the library resources we have on campus and give you instruction on how to assess the quality of the sources you are using. This tutorial will help you succeed in your written assignments which require you to use library resources. There are two assignments within the tutorial that require you to search for information and must be completed to obtain credit for this assignment.

 

Course Learning Goals

 

At the end of this course, students should be able to…

Course topics that advance these objective are:

This objective will be evaluated primarily by:

LG1

Demonstrate an understanding of the development of mass media, and communication as a field

 

Murrow Learning Goals:

·         Demonstrate knowledge of communication concepts and issues.

·         Acquire and analyze information to address communication objectives.

 

WSU Learning Goals:

·         Critical and Creative Thinking

·         Communication

 

SSCI Learning Goals:

·         Critical and Creative Thinking

This is discussed through the first third of the course, weeks 1-5

The first exam

 

Historical Innovation assignment

 

The final exam

LG2

Utilize library resources to effectively identify source material for media related topics.

 

Murrow Learning Goals:

·         Acquire and analyze information to address communication objectives

 

WSU Learning Goals:

·         Critical and Creative Thinking

·         Information Literacy

 

SSCI Learning Goals:

·         Critical and Creative Thinking

·         Information Literacy

This is discussed in preparation for all assignments

Library tutorial assignment

 

Historical Innovation assignment

 

Theory in Action assignment

LG3

Demonstrate awareness of how social science theory is generated and tested

 

Murrow Learning Goals:

·         Demonstrate knowledge of communication concepts and issues.

·         Acquire and analyze information to address communication objectives.

 

WSU Learning Goals:

·         Scientific Literacy

·         Quantitative Reasoning

 

SSCI Learning Goals:

·         Quantitative Reasoning

This will be discussed in the last two thirds of the course, weeks 6-14

The second exam

 

The third exam

 

The final exam

 

Theory in Action Assignment

LG4

Demonstrate awareness of conflicts that exist between various media theories.

 

Murrow Learning Goals:

·         Demonstrate knowledge of communication concepts and issues.

·         Acquire and analyze information to address communication objectives.

 

WSU Learning Goals:

·         Critical and Creative Thinking

·         Scientific Literacy

·         Quantitative Reasoning

 

SSCI Learning Goals:

·         Critical and Creative Thinking

·         Quantitative Reasoning

This will be primarily addressed during weeks 6-10

Theory in Action assignment

 

The second exam

 

The final exam

 

Demonstrate awareness of the various theories that describe economic constraints within media systems and how those effects are assessed.

 

Murrow Learning Goals:

·         Demonstrate knowledge of communication concepts and issues.

 

WSU Learning Goals:

·         Critical and Creative Thinking

·         Scientific Literacy

·         Quantitative Reasoning

 

SSCI Learning Goals:

·         Critical and Creative Thinking

·         Quantitative Reasoning

This will be addressed during weeks 11-14

The third exam

 

The final exam

 

 

Course Schedule

Week

Dates

Topic

Reading

What’s due

 

Jan 11

Course Intro

 

 

1

13

Basic Communication Theory:

How and why organisms communicate.

Ch. 1

 

 

15

Media Literacy

Ch. 5 & 15

 

 

18

MLK Jr. DAY

 

 

2

20

Qualitative media analysis and The Story

 

 

 

22

Society and how you build one:

What makes a society a society, and how societies develop and evolve.

Ch. 5

 

 

25

History of writing and printing:

The history and development of symbolic communication, the history of print media.

 

 

3

27

Print cont’d

Ch. 6

 

 

29

History and future of print media. Books

 

 

 

Feb 1

Newspapers, magazines; print journalism

 

 

4

3

EXAM 1

 

 

 

5

History of Radio and sound:

The history and development of the science and technology leading to Radio and sound recording; radio and society; radio journalism

Ch. 7

Library tutorial

 

8

                 "

 

 

5

10

History  and future of Film:

The history and development of the science and technology leading to the motion picture.

 

 

 

12

                  

 

 

 

15

PRES DAY

 

 

 

6

17

History and future of TV:

The history and development of the science and technology leading to television.  TV journalism

 

Historical Innovation

 

19

                       

 

 

 

22

                        "

 

 

7

24

                        "

 

 

 

26

EXAM 2                      

 

 

 

29

History and future of Modern Media:

The history and development of the science and technology leading to modern communication media

 

 

8

Mar 2

                      "

 

 

 

4

History of Effects; Social Science Research Methods

Ch. 9

 

 

7

Political effects: 

Ch. 10

 

9

9

agenda  setting, framing; Selective perception and exposure; social story

 

 

 

11

Violence/Aggression effects: Cultivation theory

Ch. 11 & 12

 

 

14

SPRING BREAK

 

 

 

16

SPRING BREAK

 

 

 

18

SPRING BREAK

 

 

 

21

Social Cognitive Theory; Social Learning Theory

Ch. 13

Theory in Action

10

23

EXAM 3

 

 

 

25

Stereotypes: Sex and Body Image effects; advertising;  mediated images

Ch. 14

 

 

28

         "

 

 

11

30

        "

 

 

 

Apr 1

        

 

 

 

4

Contact Hypothesis

Ch. 2

 

12

6

EXAM 4

 

 

 

8

Media Control and Constraints and the Law

 

 

 

11

Media Control and Constraints and the Law

 

 

13

13

Media Control and Constraints and the Law

 

 

 

15

Media Control and Constraints and the Law

 

 

 

18

Media Control and Constraints and the Law

 

 

14

20

Media Ethics

Ch. 3

Revise and resubmit

 

22

 

 

 

 

25

Application

Ch. 8

 

15

27

 

 

 

 

29

 

 

 

 

Mon,

May 2

FINAL EXAM: Half material since exam 4/half cumulative; mandatory,

NO EARLY EXAMS, DON’T EVEN ASK